Effects of Global Economy

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Global economy is affecting work in the Unites States and worldwide. In a sense, the U.S. economy has always been international because world trade has always linked United States to other countries. The globalization of the economy affects much more than trade however. The concept of global economy acknowledges that all dimensions of the economy now cross national borders, including investment, production, management, markets, labor, information, and technology. Economic events in one nation now can have major reverberations throughout the world, so when the economy in Brazil, Japan, China, or Russia is unstable, the effects are felt worldwide. This all leads to global stratification, in which I will be discussing in this paper. Global stratification is a very important topic in society that raises several negative questions that vary from morality to economic problems and economic power over the world.


Global stratification is a system of inequality of the distribution of resources and opportunities between countries. A particular country’s position is determined by its relationship to other countries in the world and its position in the world market and power over it. The distribution of wealth, and thus power, among nations is extremely unequal. We still have a tendency to call those with the least in terms of economic resources and power the “Third World,” a term first applied to them when they were not formally aligned with either of the two great industrialized blocs of nations. The First World, i.e., the western industrial democracies including US, Canada, Japan, and Western Europe, and the Second World, i.e., the communist industrial nations including the former Soviet Union and the nations of Eastern Europe. The Third World was third in rank order of its degree of industrial and technological development and it used to be a third political block in addition to Western-style democracies and communist nations. The nations of this so-called Third World are primarily agrarian countries with relatively little industrialization. Most of the people in them are poor--extremely so by our standards, generally with per capita incomes of less than $1000 per year. Some of these societies, indeed most of them, were largely hunter-gatherer societies until quite recently. Most were colonies of First World nations during most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.


I want to discuss just briefly two major theories of global stratification. The two main theories the text covers are modernization theory and dependency theory. Modernization theory, rather predictably, rests on the assumption that newer and highly sophisticated technologies are better than older and simpler technologies. It is, without question, the kind of theory that people in First World nations are more likely to create than people in less well developed countries. Modernization theory asserts that pre-industrial societies are in a traditional stage--traditional being a sort of shorthand term for a whole host of features including reliance on kinship and other non-contractual bonds for authority and support, reliance on traditional modes of adaptation such as migration as mechanisms for dealing with environmental problems causing lack of food production, etc.


These societies, through exposure to Western technologies, are then said to enter a take-off stage in which they begin to develop national, rather than local or regional economies and basic industries, such as a steel industry, which produce products from which other products can be made. Ideally this would begin a drive to technological maturity during which more and more of the economy becomes technology-driven and begins to produce a wide variety of consumer goods. As more and more of the work force are employed in industry, the population becomes more urban and also begins to consume more and more manufactured products. This theory assumes that rich modern nations help the under-developed nations with controlling fast-growing populations, increasing their food production through modernization of agriculture, and increasing their productivity by introducing industrial technology, etc. The major mechanisms for such help are the foreign aid programs sponsored by the wealthier nations.


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The other theory, dependency theory, is more Marxist in its interpretations. It assumes that rich nations got rich for the most part by exploiting the resources of their colonies, most of whom were prevented, while they were colonies, from developing their own industries at their own pace when those industries would have competed with the industries of the mother country. Dependency theory further assumes that profit-seeking multi-national corporations of the rich nations continued that pattern of economic exploitation by using their economic influence to get the leaders of governments to keep their nations economies from diversifying and producing goods for the consumers in their own countries. What the multi-national corporations want is for the leaders of Third World countries to focus their nations economic development plans on producing products for export, generally raw materials for export to countries which would turn them into finished goods. There is evidence that some Third World leaders have personally profited from doing what the multinationals wanted. Neocolonialism is a term that applies to the economic relationship between these poor nations, which export raw materials, and the rich nations with their multi-national corporations. The problem essentially is that the raw materials exported are worth less than the manufactured goods imported, thus giving the poor nation a negative balance of trade, that is, a net outflow of money. The only way for these nations to cover the difference is to borrow money from the banks of the rich nations. But this soon leads to high national debts, and a large portion of the poor nations budget then goes to pay the interest on the debt rather than being spent on the internal development of the poor nations building, maintaining roads and railroads, building schools and hospitals, etc. As dependency theorists see it, wealthy people in rich nations profit from this arrangement in two ways, by getting cheaper raw materials for the multi-national corporations they own and by making money on the loans their banks make to the poor nations. The people of the poor nations are the losers in this arrangement.


The simplest way to explain what causes global stratification is money. Everyone wants a piece of it but there isn’t enough to go around, and those [countries] who have control over the economy will get most of it. Money is what makes the rich countries richer and makes the poor countries poorer. People will do what ever they can to obtain it. Money is proportionally related to power; power comes to those with the most money in their possession. In this case its not people, rather countries. Richer countries exploit poor countries and the ones who suffer are the people in the poor countries. Up to this day, global stratification is still increasing at an alarming rate and living conditions for poor countries are getting worse than ever, while people in wealthy countries are enjoying the high life at their expense.


Global stratification comes with its consequences however. Richer countries are well better off in every way possible than the poorer countries. Third world countries experience much higher birthrates and mortality rates than first and second world countries. In third world countries, women have an average of five children throughout their lifetime. Because of this, the populations of the poor countries are growing at a much faster rate than the population of the wealthy countries, most of which are rural. Most of the people in wealthy countries have clean water and access to adequate sanitation. People born in these countries are expected to live an average of seventy-seven years. In the poorest countries the situation is completely different in a negative aspect. Many children die within the first five years of life, people live significantly shorter lives, and fewer people have clean water and access to adequate sanitation.


Education varies extremely between wealthy and poor countries. In wealthy nations education is expected and necessary for a person to do well in life. Literacy and school enrollment are now largely taken for granted in high-income nations. Those who are not well educated stand little chance of success. People in poor nations lack a good education. They only learn what’s necessary for them to live day by day in their technology-lacking society. The disadvantage of this informal and traditional education is that, although it prepares people for their traditional lives, it often does not give them the skills and knowledge needed to operate in the modern world. Therefore, as these poor countries and the people within them are confronted by the developing world, they often do not have the skills and knowledge to survive in these new environments. As a result, their low educational level limits their ability to adjust to changing world situations, particularly in an increasingly technological world, and it perpetuates their underdeveloped status. However, education is improving greatly in the world, even in the poor areas. Only six percent of the nations report a school enrollment rate below fifty percent.


In some areas of the world, particularly East Asia, but also in Latin America, many countries have shown rapid growth and have emerged as developed countries. These countries are the newly industrialized countries (NICs), which include Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, Singapore, and Thailand. In these countries, individuals have saved and invested, and the governments have invested in social and economic development. However, other countries appear to be taking a dive into poverty and position in the global stratification system. In some of these cases, their governments have collapsed or are functioning only at minimal levels, the economy is bankrupted, the standard of living has plunged, and people are starving. I wish I could believe that all of these countries are going to pull it off and make and economic progress soon, but we all have to be realistic about this situation. It is near impossible to have every single nation above the poverty line and have a technology-driven economy. I believe that while the wealthy nations will soon realize that there are countries that aren’t making it, they will try to help them build up their economy, but there is only so much we can do. We have to face reality and realize that a perfect world is not possible, only the strong survive and those not strong enough simply weren’t cut for it, unless everyone does drastic changes in this world and fast.





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Science versus Religion: The Galileo Affair

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Followers of the history of the twentieth century will no doubt disagree with the claim that the media circus surrounding O.J Simpson in the mid 10’s was the “trial of the century”, in favor of a trial that debated concepts along higher lines of human thought, namely, Darwin’s theories of evolution versus creationism. The Scopes ‘Monkey’ Trial, which occurred in Dayton, TN in 15, pitted two great American orators and two sides of thought against each other in a debate of pure science against literal religious beliefs, and modernity against traditional conservative views. The effects from this trial have been so great that the ideas presented and issues raised continue to resonate and remain controversial seventy-five years later. To the American mind, the Scopes Trial is the most recent and vivid example of the frequent incompatibility of science and religion. And as science continues to advance, new controversies appear daily to reaffirm that what Pope John Paul II called the “two realms of knowledge” often make strange bedfellows when procedures in fields like medicine, biology, and genetics are introduced that give new meaning to the creation and mortality of life. These are big questions, and thus it makes sense that the controversies of today were set in motion by a controversy that began nearly 400 years ago because of the same conflict between science and religion. If the Scopes ‘Monkey’ Trial is known as The Trial of the Twentieth Century, then the conflict between Galileo and the Catholic Church can be seen as The Trial of Four Centuries, for the outcome and implications have affected the development of our view of our place in the universe until the present.


According to Hetherington, Galileo’s trial and condemnation by the Inquisition in 16 “seriously impeded the rise of scientific cosmology” (5). This is true in that for about 00 years science for Catholic astronomers was required to be treated as “theory” rather than fact, and books teaching of the Earth’s motion remained banned until 1757, among other impediments that caused science in the Catholic tradition to be seen as inferior to the work of those who did not have to contend with Rome. Because of the actions of the Catholic Church, it is thus “religion rather than philosophy that has come to be regarded as the chief early obstacle to modern science” (5). However, Hetherington asserts that this is an untrue view of the situation. The finer details of the spirit of the times, the popular philosophy of the day, the religious and cultural mindset of the day, legal confusions, and Galileo’s own difficult personality, among other factors, all combined to make the Galileo affair much more complex than a matter of one party being solely to blame. However, because the case was not clear-cut and easily resolved, it has negatively impacted the Catholic Church for nearly 400 years. Ignorance of the true nature of the accusations and the wrongs attributed to each side has further compounded a negative view of the Church. So with closure, favorable public opinion, and a genuine desire to look at facts in search of truth in mind, Pope John Paul II appointed a committee in 181 to open and examine Galileo’s case.


Cardinal Poupard, the head of this committee, presented its findings in a report to the Pope in 1. In his opening statements, Poupard explains that the aim of the committee was “to reply to the expectations of the world of science and culture regarding the Galileo question, to rethink this whole question, with complete fidelity to established historical facts and in conformity with the teachings and the culture of the times and to recognize honestly…the rights and wrong, regardless of their source.” This statement is bursting with the meaning of the large task the Church undertook, to in effect make up for four centuries of ill will in the intelligent, civilized world by examining the events of the past in the spirit of cultural relativism and scientific and historical fact. This objective is calm and rational, with an emphasis on truth without blame, and proceeds in a logical matter.


Poupard first examines the question of whether Copernican astronomy was irrefutably true at the time of the trial. As Cardinal Bellermine said, if it were true, it would then be necessary to re-examine relevant Scriptural passages and “say that we do not understand them, rather than to say that what is demonstrated is false.” This is evidence that the Catholic Church never absolutely refused to accept Galileo’s ideas. But since it was not until 150 years after Galileo that the “optical and mechanical proofs for the motion of the Earth were discovered” and the theory thus made irrefutable, this examination of Scripture could not take place in 16.


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Poupard then admits how the scientific truths eventually showed the “relative character” of Galileo’s sentence, and defends the subsequent actions of the Church as it granted an imprimatur to Galileo’s work in 1741, removed books on heliocentric theory from the Index in 1757, and endorsed Copernicanism as a thesis in all works on the subject in 18.


Poupard makes his main point when he ascribes the problems with the “then new theories” as a result of a “transitional situation in the field of astronomical knowledge and of an exegetical confusion regarding cosmology.” He defends the church in terms of the times it was in, a time far different from our own, where minds were firmly entrenched in old beliefs about the nature of the world and the literal interpretation of Scripture. Because the intellectual and religious climate of the times was not ready to accept Galileo’s propositions, he was made to suffer.


Poupard’s main defense of the Church’s actions against Galileo in terms of historical context is truthful. That the earth was the fixed center of the universe was the dominant idea since ancient times. Both Aristotle and certain Biblical passages supported it, and Aristotle and the Bible were the dominant authorities in intellectual and religious life, which were the two fields that mattered to those in power. Galileo’s first conflicts over his theories were with professors of philosophy who taught physics in strict Aristotelian sense and received his ideas with animosity. In fact, powerful members of the Church sided with Galileo on certain issues. According to Hetherington, “Professors of philosophy unanimously opposed Galileo’s science; high officials of the Catholic Church did not”(575). This again refutes the idea that the Church was dedicated to staying in scientific ignorance.


Pope John Paul II defends the Church against the myth of its being “opposed to the free search for truth” by also citing Bellarmine’s concession that the Bible can be open to interpretation, along with Pope Leo XIII’s assertion that “truth cannot contradict truth”, so mistakes in interpretation are possible, and St. Augustine’s belief that if Scripture does not correspond with a certain fact, the person interpreting it does not correctly understand the Scripture, and is forcing his own wrong meaning onto it.


The Pope also defends Galileo as a “sincere believer” who “showed himself to be more perceptive in this regard than the theologians who opposed him,” on the question of the necessity of literal Scripture interpretation which Galileo addressed in his letter to Madame Christina. This praise from the Pope affirms Galileo’s correctness and also apologizes for the theologians who were unable to separate science from Scripture and found it necessary to condemn him. The Pope saw Galileo as more advanced than the theologians because his study of natural phenomena demanded also a “clarification on the part of all disciplines of knowledge”. He knew how to synthesize more aspects of the world than the theologians, who were still confined to their narrow views of literal Scripture interpretation and accepted geocentric cosmology. So although they were wrong to condemn him, the theologians were unable to do otherwise as products of their period in time. The Pope describes it as a “question of knowing how to judge a new scientific datum when it seems to contradict the truths of faith”, and acknowledges how difficult a task this is after centuries of a certain way of thinking. He manages to admit the wrong committed but is able to qualify it as inevitable, given the time period. It is difficult to find fault with this logic, for when has any event ever happened that has not been a product of its time and environment?


Interestingly, the web site “The Galileo Affair - A Catholic Perspective” describes Galileo as a person who refused to compromise, and would make no allowance for human nature. Perhaps the Pope even apologizes too much for Galileo if he also refused to see that it is not easy for people to immediately forsake their accustomed view of the universe for something that seems to go against both common sense and the Bible.


As a whole, Pope John Paul II’s statement is well informed, fair, logical, and adequate. He apologizes because he knows it is necessary, for clarification of the events of the case was at least due in 185 when Galileo’s “Dialogue” no longer appeared on the Index of Prohibited Books. The Church did err in the Galileo case, but much of the blame placed on it was due to myth and ignorance. The Pope explains this and admits the error of the Inquisitors by wisely examining the “cultural, philosophical, and theological context of the 17th century.” Cultural relativism is a more effective tool than blind supposition or conciliatory accusation. It is unnecessary for the Pope to make any ashamed reparations in this case to any critics in the past or future, for the task of re-examining, not re-trying; the case was accomplished with grace and acceptance of the irrefutable argument of the fallibility of man and the infallibility of Truth. He speaks of the importance of reconciling the two realms of knowledge to add harmony to the world and to work against the “disorder that affects the human condition”. Ending with a quote by Einstein and a look into the future of science, the Pope shows himself to be a foresighted, wise head of a modernizing church that is on the side of science and committed to the most fundamental goal of science, the pursuit and discovery of truth.


In the sister case of science vs. religion three centuries later, Clarence Darrow finally defeated William Jennings Bryan in the courtroom when he forced him to admit that the six days the world was created in perhaps were not made up of 4 hour days, thus saying that not everything in the Bible should be taken literally. Darrow also could have used evidence from the 17th century to make his point. The similarity of the cases points to the permanence of the question of reconciling science and religion. Both cases occurred in transitional periods in history when new thinkers and ideas were changing the established social and religious order; Galileo’s case in the incredible Renaissance era where every field was enriched, and the Scopes case in the tumultuous decade of the 10’s when the traditional conservative, religious side struggled against the beginnings of the modern world as we know it today. In both times people struggled with giving up established ideas. Just as people did not want to give up their place as the still, center of the Aristotelian universe in Galileo’s time, people in the beginning of the twentieth century found it much more comforting to believe Genesis than to accept the random chance of evolution and a less-favored place in the universe. Humans are naturally self-centered and we want to believe in our superiority.


Here is Clarence Darrow’s closing argument in the Scopes trial, which is interesting both for its non-acknowledgement of a major case like the Galileo affair and for how he sums up a main point made in the Galileo case, the necessity of separating science and Scripture. “Events come along as they come along. I think this case will be remembered because it is the first case of this sort since we stopped trying people in America for witchcraft because here we have done our best to turn back the tide that has sought to force itself upon this modern world, of testing every fact in science by a religious dictum. That is all I care to say.”


I wonder what Darrow would say if he knew that 75 years later the teaching of evolution was still debated, for in 1 the state of Kansas actually voted to remove references to evolution in its textbooks. Thus the conflict between science and religion continues, and will continue, as long as science continues to evolve.


www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/evolut.htm


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Adolescents in Jail

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Adolescents in Jail


Juvenile justice is an area of criminal law applied to people not old enough to be held responsible for criminal acts. In most states, the age set for criminals is at 18 years. Juvenile law is mainly governed by state law and most states have enacted a juvenile code. Most adolescents do not fear law because, they know they can get away with any thing. Laws should be tougher on juveniles, punishing them for the crime committed and giving them a life-long record. The main goal of the juvenile justice system is rehabilitation rather than punishment.


Violent juvenile crime is particularly chilling. Were not supposed to be afraid of our children. Juvenile violence rose in the late 180s through the early 10s. This provokes an image of teenage psychopaths running wild. Very occasional, but highly-publicized acts of violence by children under 1 engendered a belief that even grade school kids can be criminals.


“Not so long ago politicians campaigned by kissing babies. Today, they lock children in jail (Law and Order).” The justice system is getting tougher on kids but needs to be tougher. One of the main problems is erasing of the criminal record. By making it virtually impossible to collect data about delinquents, it also makes it difficult to evaluate rehabilitation programs. Employers can’t know whether potential employees are prone to steal or other criminal behaviors. The erasing of the record was originally done to deal with delinquents who stole hubcaps, not those who rape, and mug.


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Abrahm McLauchlin staff writer of the Christian Science Monitor believes “there is a violent core of repeat offenders who may not be adult but are fully capable of committing crimes.” “It is time to stop pampering punks who rape, murder and assault law-abiding citizens. And I called for adult time for adult crime (Work starts).”


Some people will protest that locking kids in jail will just make them worse. This is untrue. “In Texas the juvenile crime rate offenses dropped by 1 percent after stiffer juvenile crime laws were passed (Tougher Juvenile).”


This shows that increasing the punishment for teens will discourage them from committing crimes.


Despite all protests laws should be tougher on juveniles. They are no different from the adults that commit the crime, so why should they do less time or have their record erased at the age of 18. All people should be created


equal not categorized by age. By being tougher on juveniles crime rates would be lower and city streets will be safer.





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Krashen's Monitor Model Theory

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Krashens Monitor Model Theory


Stephen Krashen is an expert in the field of linguistics, specializing in theories of language acquisition and development. Much of his recent research has involved the study of non-English and bilingual language acquisition. During the past 0 years, he has published well over 100 books and articles and has been invited to deliver over 00 lectures at universities throughout the United States and Canada. He works today for the University of Southern California.


Krashen is well known for his famous monitor model theories which were evolved in the late 170 s in a series of articles, and was later elaborated and expanded in a number of books, where he argued that his account provides a general or overall theory of L acquisition with important implications for language teaching.


Krashens theory of second language acquisition consists of five main hypotheses


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· the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis,


· the Monitor hypothesis,


· the Natural Order hypothesis,


· the Input hypothesis,


· and the Affective Filter hypothesis.


Presented in this report are these five basic hypotheses consisting the overall monitor.


The Acquisition/Learning Hypothesis


Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding.” Stephen Krashen.


Krashen distinguishes between acquiring a language and learning about a language. The former occurs without our paying any attention to the process, it comes naturally as a subconscious process, identical in all important ways to the process children utilize in acquiring their first language. Acquisition comes about through meaningful interaction in a natural communication setting. Krashen sees acquisition as the real road to mastery of a target language. To Krashen it is not the setting itself that contributes to the overall development of second language skills, but conscious attention to rules that distinguishes language acquisition from language learning. Therefore even in a classroom environment can a student learn to master the inner-workings of the target language. Thus, language can be acquired in the classroom when the focus is on communication and other forms of meaningful interaction, which are also often found outside of the regular classroom setting.


To Krashen, learning is a conscious process, often resulting in students to know “about” the language and not “of” the language itself. According to him, learning does not turn into acquisition. Krashen based this hypothesis on claims first, there sometimes is acquisition without learning, meaning some individuals have considerable Competence in a L but do not know very many rules consciously.


Secondly, there are cases where learning never becomes acquisition, many can learn the rules of the target language and fail to apply them where needed. And lastly, no one knows anywhere near all the rules comprising the language, leaving gaps in the thorough knowledge of the learner, which may hinder his communication skills in the L.


The Natural Order Hypothesis


Language acquisition does not require extensive use of conscious grammatical rules, and does not require tedious drill.


Linguists working on the acquisition of L1 by children have discovered that the children appear to go through a series of stages, acquiring the different grammatical morphemes in regular and predictable sequences. Krashen holds that the same is true of SLA. His theory states that we acquire the rules of language in a predictable order, some rules tending to come early and others late. The order does not appear to be determined solely by formal simplicity. and there is evidence that it is independent of the order in which rules are taught in language classes The natural order of acquisition is presumed to be the result of the acquired system, operating free of language “learning”. Krashen’s theory implies that what is learned can only supplement what has already been acquired by the learner. The “learned” system can only polish what the “acquired” system has produced within the learner. Krashen’s research indicates that different learning strategies can produce different acquisition patterns in individual acquiring the same target language.


The Input Hypothesis


“Humans acquire language in only one way - by understanding messages or by receiving comprehensible input


Krashen states that all that the only way for a learner to make progress in an L1 is for her to be exposed to a sufficient amount of comprehensible input. The learner needs to be provided with input that is just a little beyond his or her present capacity ; it is in the effort that the learner attempts to comprehend the material where lies the source of his or her linguistic progress. The Input hypothesis is Krashens attempt to explain how the learner acquires a second language. In other words, this hypothesis is Krashens explanation of how second language acquisition takes place. So, staying true to the theme of the monitor model, the Input hypothesis is only concerned with acquisition, not learning. According to this hypothesis, the learner improves and progresses along the natural order when he/she receives second language input that is one step beyond his/her current stage of linguistic competence. For example, if a learner is at a stage i, then acquisition takes place when he/she is exposed to Comprehensible Input that belongs to level i + 1. Since not all of the learners can be at the same level of linguistic competence at the same time, Krashen suggests that natural communicative input is the key to designing a syllabus, ensuring in this way that each learner will receive some i + 1 input that is appropriate for his/her current stage of linguistic competence (How languages are learned, p.).


The Monitor Hypothesis


“Conscious learning ... can only be used as a Monitor or an editor.”


The Monitor hypothesis consists of the relationship between acquisition and learning and defines the role of grammar. According to Krashen, the acquisition system is the utterance initiator, while the learning system performs the role of the monitor or the editor. The monitor acts in a planning, editing and correcting function when three specific conditions are met that is, the second language learner has sufficient time at his/her disposal, he or she focuses on form or thinks about correctness, and he or she knows the rule.


It appears that the role of conscious learning is somewhat limited in second language performance. According to Krashen, the role of the monitor is - or should be - minor, being used only to correct deviations from normal speech and to give speech a more polished appearance.


Krashen also suggests that there is individual variation among language learners with regard to monitor use. He distinguishes those learners that use the monitor all the time (over-users); those learners who have not learned or who prefer not to use their conscious knowledge (under-users); and those learners that use the monitor appropriately (optimal users). An evaluation of the persons psychological profile can help to determine to what group they belong. Usually extroverts are under-users, while introverts and perfectionists are over-users. Lack of self-confidence is frequently related to the over-use of the monitor. Curiously enough, lack of self-confidence is a perfect transition into the final theory composing the monitor model, the Affective Filter Hypothesis.





The Affective Filter Hypothesis


“A mental block, caused by affective factors ... that prevents input from reaching the language acquisition device.”


Finally, the fifth hypothesis, the Affective Filter hypothesis, suggests that input alone is not sufficient ; the input must be experienced under conditions which lower the anxiety, and raise the motivation and the self-image of the learner. It embodies Krashens view that a number of affective variables play a facilitative, but non-causal, role in second language acquisition. These variables include motivation, self-confidence and anxiety. Krashen claims that learners with high motivation, self-confidence, a good self-image, and a low level of anxiety are better equipped for success in second language acquisition. Low motivation, low self-esteem, and debilitating anxiety can combine to raise the affective filter and form a mental block that prevents comprehensible input from being used for acquisition. In other words, when the filter is up it impedes language acquisition. On the other hand, positive affect is necessary, but not sufficient on its own, for acquisition to take place. The huge undertaking that is learning an entire language may prove not to be the most motivational task, especially to young (and even perhaps a little jaded) learners. Therefore it is important to keep track of the affective aspect of language learning. Being positive helps students stay the course.


Krashens hypotheses are very interesting, and provided some insights into the way we might present a foreign language and how we are to teach it. I personally view his theories to be very coherent and well thought-out, as I saw many similarities between his view on how second languages may be learned and my own personal learning of English. The study of Krashen’s theory has helped me to further understand how a person acquires a second language.


Sources


LIGHTBOWN M., Patsy, SPADA, Nina), How Languages are Learned,


Oxford University Press, (1)


Krashen, Stephen D. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Prentice-Hall International, (188).


Webencyclo (00), www.webencyclo.com (French)


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the open boat

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Stephen Crane’s short story of the open boat is very symbolic in many ways. There are many ways to react to his paper and many different ways of looking at it. My views on it deal with life’s struggles and the many roads to be taken during life.


The story starts with four men in a lifeboat stuck in a stormy sea. Included among these men are a cook, a correspondent, and oiler, and a captain. They are on a mission to their final destination. They finally see a lighthouse that marks their destination point. This means that they are not too far from land. Although land is not too far away, the waves of the sea takes the lifeboat and its crew on an expedition, making it even harder for them to get to land. The possibility of the destruction of the lifeboat and the crushing of the men on the surf, maybe killing them is very likely.


People watching from the shore are able to see the lifeboat and signal the crew to take their ship in, but are not aware of the conditions out on the sea that make it very difficult for the men to come to shore. The men are hoping that a rescue boat will come out and get them, but their hopes are lost. They must then take the boat further out to sea where the waves are not as destructive. In their minds, the chances of survival are very slim.


After nights on the lifeboat, the men are very frail and helpless. They have come to the realization that there is no other choice but to fight the sea and overpower it. The captain makes the bold decision to take the boat closer into the shore until the boat can no longer sustain the power of the sea. At that point they must exit the boat and attempt to swim to shore. Exactly as they expected, the lifeboat is turned over as they near the shore and they attempt to swim through the waves, as they grow larger and larger.


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The men swim to shore and make it there safe. They soon come to realize that they are missing a man. The cook, captain, and the correspondent make it safely to the shore, but the oiler has been unfortunate enough to be taken alive by the sea. Oddly enough the oiler was the strongest man and was the operations of things when on the boat. He was almost the brains and bronze of the operation.


To me, this story relates to life in that you must go through many ups and downs to get where you want to be. Life can be very upsetting at times, but you must always get back up and try again at what you are trying to attain. Just like the men on the lifeboat, you must always attempt to get what you are trying to reach. I especially like line 145 from the short story. “Keep her head up! Keep her head up!” I interpret it as “never stop trying at what you are attempting to achieve. Strive for the best and you shall receive what is best.





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management introduction

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Characteristic of children


The characteristic of children that lead to violence are made of the human selfishness, opportunism nature and the outside effects. When students are frustrated, angry, in some pain and not getting everything they want, they feel like victims. They wont think about others. They’ll just try to get their anger out in a violence act. Relatively “the process of intimidating or mistreating someone weaker or in a more vulnerable situation” is called bullying. Bullying in schools can appear in many forms such as name calling, put-downs, cruel teasing, taking or damaging things, hitting or kicking other students. Serious school violence starts with seemingly innocent bullying or putdowns that eventually changes into violent acts involving guns or knives. The lack of respect for another person’s human rights, disorders, and physical size are some of the reasons of bullying. For instant, boys who are physically bigger or stronger than their peers of the same age are more likely to become bullies since they feel that they are powerful and no one can hurt them. Moreover “some adolescent boys in US high schools use aggressive and violent behavior to increase their status in boys’ peer groups and appear attractive to girls at an age when heterosexual relations are begging to become important”6. On the other hand children who face abuse, see another member of the family being abused or spend a lot of time watching violent programs on TV are most likely to have violence behaviors. This is because their brain development has been affected. Bad experiences during a child’s development can actually alter brain chemistry. The impact of altered brain chemistry may be reflected in an episode of violent behavior.







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Jeffrey Dahmer

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Jeffrey Dahmer; “The Milwalkee Monster”


Konerak was only fourteen and he was running for his life. This was his only chance to escape from the horrible smelling apartment where the creepy blond guy had slipped him some kind of powerful drug. It seemed that luck was with him that he started to come around just as the blond man had left the apartment. It took all the strength he had to get up and get to the door. He was so disoriented and panicked that it made no difference that he was naked. This was his only chance to survive. He was working strictly on instinct. Just get out of there and run away. It was just before A.M. and Sandra Smith called 11 to report the boy running around butt naked.. She didnt know who he was, but she knew he was injured and terrified. The paramedics got there first and put a blanket around the naked, dazed boy. Two police officers arrived soon after and tried to understand what was going on with this young man of Asian descent. Sandra Smith, eighteen years old and her cousin Nicole Childress, also eighteen, were standing near the boy when the Milwaukee city police arrived. The tall blond man was also standing near the boy. The conversation became heated between the girls, the blond man and the police. The tall blond man told the police that Konerak was his nineteen-year-old lover who had been drinking too much. Konerak who was drugged and incoherent wasnt able to contradict the smooth-talking blond man. Dahmer gave the police a picture ID. The two young women tried to intervene. They had seen the terrified boy trying to resist the blond man before the police arrived. They were angry and upset. The police were ignoring them and listening to the white man instead. Just to be on the safe side, the two officers went with the boy and the tall


blond man to his apartment. The apartment smelled bad, but it was very neat. Koneraks clothing was folded and placed on the sofa. There were a couple of photographs of Konerak in black bikini briefs. Konerak sat quietly on the sofa unable to talk intelligently. Its not even clear that he understood the calm explanation the blond man was giving the police. The blond man was apologizing that his lover had caused a disturbance and promised it wouldnt happen again. The police believed the blond man. They had no reason not to --he was well-spoken, intelligent and very calm. The Asian was apparently drunk and incoherent. The officers, not wanting to get in the middle of a domestic argument between homosexual lovers, left the apartment with Konerak still sitting quietly on the sofa. In that neighborhood, the officers felt that there were more pressing things for them to do. What they missed in the apartment bedroom was the body of Tony Hughes, whose decomposing corpse had lain for three days on the bed. What they missed was the blond man immediately strangling the Asian boy and having sex with his corpse (Bardsley, 15).


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Above the horrible tale of one of the homicide cases of Jeffrey Dahmer. Who was he, to what criminal theory does Dahmer belong to and why, and finally what did we learn as a society, if anything, from this predator?


Jeffrey Dahmer had a decent upbringing in Milwaukee with his parents, his father being a student at university studying chemistry while his mother was a teletype machine operator. When Jeffrey was 4 years old he was subjected to a double hernia operation which was to have a catastrophic effect on developing personality. During his childhood he would act “differently” to other of his age group because he discovered the world of “DEATH”. He scoured roadsides


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for freshly killed animals to take home to dissect. Throughout the years he became very good with a scalpel dissecting his roadkills with immense precision (Lester, 15). During his teenage years he became a loner, experimenting in alcohol and drugs which effectively pushed away what few friends he had. Problems between his parents, which ended in them divorcing in 178, caused him to hide deeper inside his “shell”, very rarely speaking to anyone. As times got unbearable he found himself out of food, drink and money which consequently made him sell what few possessions he had in order to buy more alcohol, when that money ran out he ended up selling his blood to thirst his need for booze. Dahmer then enlisted himself into the army to be posted for training in Alabama. His career in the army was hounded by punishments from his superiors because of his inability to stay sober; he was therefore discharged and returned home to live with his grandmother in Bath Township (Hickey, 17).


One fatal day in June, Dahmer went to see his father in order to borrow his car so he could go to the movies, but instead of going to the movies, he just drove around the countryside. He then spotted a young hitchhiker bare chested and offered him a lift into town. The hitchhikers name was 1 year old Steven Hicks. Dahmer took him to his grandmother’s house for refreshments, it was here that his wrath began. It would last for yrs and 17 victims later (Crime library web page, 00).


During his killing spree Dahmer became more and more fascinated with death he obtained a sexual fetish for death. Each victim was stripped, placed in various positions, sleep with the bodies, take photographs of each stage of dismemberment he would also masturbate into the carcasses, he became a necrophilliac and a cannibal. All this so that he wouldn’t feel alone anymore. Dahmer was sentenced for a total of 1070 years in jail for killing, committing


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necrophillia and cannibalism of 17 people. Jeffrey Dahmer was beaten and killed Nov. 8, 14, by a fellow inmate at the Colombia Correctional Institution in Portage, Wis. The attack occurred while Dahmer and another inmate were cleansing a bathroom in the prison gymnasium (Douglas, Olshaker, 15). Why did Jeffrey Dahmer kill?


Criminologists have long been trying to get the answer to this question. I believe that social process theory gives the most logical explanation concerning Jeffrey Dahmer. This theory suggests that the reason why people submit to crime is because of their personal socialization. The relationship that the individual has with societal institutions, their families, peers and the processes that make up their society influences their actions. Hickey states Social process theories contend that criminal behavior is a function of a socialization process. This includes a host of sociopsychological interactions by the offender with institutions and social organizations. Offenders may turn to crime as a result of peer group pressure, family problems, poor school performance, legal entanglements, and other situations that gradually steer them to criminal behavior. The fact is that most serial killers have average or above average intelligence. On the other hand, serial killers always seem to be the subject of dysfunctional homes, child abuse, negative labeling in an educational and professional level, and peer discrimination. When speaking about an analysis conducted by the FBI composed of twenty-five serial killers and eleven single or double offenders Lester (15) asserts


As they grew up, the role of fantasy, primarily of the violent and sadistic kind, became important to these men and many had shown cruelty to animals and neighborhood children. Twenty of the men had rape fantasies before they reached the age of eighteen. Despite their intelligence, the men performed poorly in academic, occupational, military


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and sexual settings… The majority saw themselves as failures and had low self-esteem. They saw themselves as loners and were insensitive to the needs of others. They saw the world as unjust, desired to be strong, powerful and in control and favored autoerotic sexual activities, especially masturbation. How an individual interacts with the society in which they inhabit is extremely important to how the person chooses to live their life. (p. 50)


In my view, Jeffrey Dahmer is an ideal example of how social process theory operates. One branch of social process theory is the social control (or social bond) theory. It states that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activities. Social control theory maintains that everyone has the potential to become a criminal but that most people are controlled by their bonds to society (Siegel, 001). Hirschi, who developed the social bond theory, argues that the social bond a person maintains with society is divided into four elements attachment (refers to a person’s sensitivity to and intersts in others), commitment (if people build a srtong commitment to conventional society, they will be less likely to engage in acts that will jeopardize their hard won position), involvemnet (heavy involvement in conventional activities leaves little time for illegal behavior), and belief (if beliefs are absent or weakened, individuals are more likely to participate in antisocial or illegal acts) (Siegel, 001). Jeffrey Dahmer was neglected by his parents. He was a loner throughout his childhood and into adulthood. He was not able to do well in school. He exhibited the incapability to establish safe and humane means to meet his ends. He wanted stable relationships with his partners but lacked the skills needed to maintain


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them. Jeffrey enjoyed enacting sadistic behavior on animals, a condition that developed into his sexual sadism. He killed his first victim when he was eighteen years old. He picked up a young


hitchhiker, killed him instantly and proceeded to dismember his body and scatter the remains in his back yard. After this, he tried to lead a normal life but “continued to fail in his attempts to succeed in his education or employment. (Lester, 15)” What did we learn, if anything, from this serial killer?


After reviewing all the information and materials concerning Jeffrey Dahmer, one can only wonder what society could have done to prevent a person from committing these horrible crimes. Do we need to revert to traditional methods of upbringing, do we need to establish more sytems to recognize children and people in “emotional need?” I feel that Jeffrey had lost complete control and touch with reality. He had no parental attachment, no close friends, performed poorly in school and in the army, and on top of that he was a heavy drinker. All indicators supporting the social control (bond) theory. Perhaps early psychological intervention, as a child, could have prevented the development of this “antisocial” human being. Perhaps not. I don’t think we will ever completely understand why some people commit these horrific acts, and why others do not. We, as a society, can only focus on trying to prevent other people from committing such crimes. As for Jeffrey Dahmer, I don’t believe that rehabilitation was an option, he was too far gone. Let us just say that the world is a better place without the “Milwalkee Monster.”


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References


Bardsley, Marilyn (15). Butt Naked, Crime Library web page (00, February 1). [On line]


Available http//crimelibrary.com/serial-killer/notoriuos/dahmer/naked1.html


Douglas, James. and Olshaker, M. (15) Mindhunter Inside the FBIs Elite


Serial Crime Unit. New York Schribner.


Hickey, Erick W. (17) Serial Murderers and their Victims (nd ed.) Belmont


Wadsworth Publishing Company.


Lester, David, Ph.D.(15) Serial Killers The Insatiable Passion


Philadelphia The Charles Press.


Siegel, Larry J., Ph.D.(001) Criminology Theories, Patterns, and Typologies


(7th ed.) Belmont Wadsworth Publishing Company.





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education

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Education is overrated


Most children these days believe that education is overrated. To me I believe that you do need an education but there are some other cases that you don’t necessarily need to complete one. You really need a good education like VCE, TAFE or University to be successful and get a good job in life. Unless you don’t have big hopes for the future then you don’t really need a good education, although it is handy in case you change your mind.


If you complete your VCE then that basically sets you up for life as if you want to change your profession, then you will have the knowledge and skills to do something else. If you attempt to complete your VCE and want to become a hairdresser and you don’t like the work, you might want to become a clothes designer, then at least you will have your VCE to back you up. Even if you are an electrician and want to become a biologist, then you can go to TAFE and learn the basic skills on how to become one.


There are some cases that you don’t need a good education. One example is when you do grow up, you probably wont use all the information you learn, so to some people it is pointless staying at school once you have learnt the basics. An example is if you want to become a hairdresser, well you don’t need to know that Edmund Barton was Australia’s first Prime Minister, you only need to know measurements, how to run a cash register etc.


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Once you have a good education then if you have children who have trouble with homework, then you will have the knowledge and skills to be able to help and teach them. If you don’t complete your education then your children wont look for you for help which makes you feel you’re a bad parent. Another example is that if you are helping out a friend and it isn’t like your profession, then with a good education you will have some basic knowledge of what is required to help your friend.


To get through life you need a good education so it will set you up. Although you don’t need to know everything specifically, you only need a good grounding of knowledge and skill to make your way in the world.


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Numerology

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The Life Path Number


The Life Path is the sum of the birth date. This number represents who you are at birth and the native traits that you will carry with you through life. The most important number that will be discussed here is your Life Path number. The Life Path describes the nature of this journey through life.


This is a number that is derived from all the numbers in your birth date. The Life Path number is established from the date of birth. First, convert the month to a single number, then add this individual digit, the birthday, and the individual digits of the birth year. The individual digits are again added together, as necessary to reduce the sum to a single digit 1 through , or to the numerology master numbers, 11 or . These master numbers are not reduced any further.


Example My birthday is February 8, 1 (-8-1). Add the month () to the day (8) plus the total of the digits in the year (). The total comes to . Then add this number together. +=5; my Life Path Number is 5.


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Be sure to add the full year, not just the last two digits, i.e. 16, not 6.


For some reason, this step is often overlooked when the total is 10. 1+0=1


Read about your lifepath number


1 4 5 6 7 8 11


1


The Life Path 1 drive in this life is characterized by individualist desires, independence, and the need for personal attainment. The purpose to be fulfilled on this Life Path is that of becoming independent. This is a two part learning process; first, you must learn to stand on your own two feet and learn not to depend on others. After you are indeed free and independent, you must learn to be a leader. Many of our Generals, corporate leaders, and political leaders are men and women having the Life Path number 1. The 1 always has the potential for greatness as a leader, but they may fail as a follower. Many 1s spend most of their lives shaking off their dependent side. When this happens, there is little time left for enjoying the rewards to be gained through independence. The individual with Life Path 1 has to overcome an environment in which it is very easy to be dependent, and difficult to be independent.


A person with positive 1 traits abounds in creative inspiration, and possesses the enthusiasm and drive to accomplish a great deal. Your drive and potential for action comes directly from the enormous depth of strength you have. This is both the physical and inner varieties of strength. With this strength comes utter determination and the capability to lead. As a natural leader you have a flair for taking charge of any situation. Highly original, you may have talents as an inventor or innovator of some sort. In any work that you choose, your independent attitude can show through. You have very strong personal needs and desires, and you feel it is always necessary to follow your own convictions. You are ambitious, and either understand or must learn the need for aggressive action to promote yourself. Although you may hide the fact for social reasons, you are highly self-centered and demand to have your way in most circumstances.


When the 1 Life Path person is not fully developed and expressing the negative side of this number, the demeanor may appear very dependent rather than independent. If you are expressing this negative trait of the number 1, you are likely to be very dissatisfied with your circumstances, and long for self-sufficiency. This is defined as the weak or dependent side of the negative 1 Life Path. On the strong side of this negative curve, the 1 energy can become too self-serving, selfish and egotistical. Over-confidence and impatience mark this individual.





The positive attributes of the number Life Path produces extremely sensitive people who generally have the most delicate ability to be balanced and fair. You clearly see the full spectrum of viewpoints in any argument or situation, and because of this people may seek you out to be a mediator. In this role you are able to settle disputes with the most unbiased flair. There is sincere concern for others; you think the best of people, and want the best for them. You are totally honest and open in thought, word and deed. You are apt to excel in any for of group activity where your expertise in handling and blending people can be used effectively. Manners and tact mark your way with others at all times, and you are not one to dominate a group or situation. You are the master of compromise and of maintaining harmony in your environment, never stooping to aggravate or argue.


In many ways, you are a creature of habit and routine, and you like to your path and pattern well worn and familiar. A natural collector, you rarely dispose of anything that may have a shred of value.


The negative side of the is hardly a problem. The biggest obstacle and difficulty you may face is that of passivity and a state of apathy and lethargy. The negative can be very pessimistic and accomplishes very little. Needless to say, the negative doesnt belong in the business world and even the more positive individual with the Life Path may prefer a more amiable and less competitive environment.





The number Life Path is one that emphasizes expression, sociability, and creativity as the lesson to be learned in this life. Here we are apt to find the entertainers of the world, bright, effervescent, sparkling people with very optimistic attitudes. A truly gifted possesses the most exceptional creative skills, normally in the verbal realm, writing, speaking, acting, or similar endeavors. The lesson to be learned with a life path is that of achievement through expression. The bright side of this path stresses harmony, beauty and pleasures; of sharing your creative talents with the world. Capturing your capability in creative self-expression is the highest level of attainment for this life path. The characteristics of the are warmth and friendliness, a good conversationalist, social and open. A good conversationalist both from the standpoint of being a delight to listen to, but even more importantly, one who has the ability to listen to others. Accordingly, the life path produces individuals who are always a welcome addition to any social situation and know how to make others feel at home. The creative imagination is present, if sometimes latent, as the may not be moved to develop his talent. The approach to life tends to be exceedingly positive, however, and your disposition is almost surely sunny and open-hearted. You effectively cope with all of the many setbacks that occur in life and readily bounce back for more. It is usually easy for you to deal with problems because you can freely admit the existence of problems without letting them get you down. You have good manners and seem to be very conscious of other peoples feelings and emotions. Life is generally lived to the fullest, often without much worry about tomorrow. You are not very good at handling money because of a general lack of concern about it. You spend it when you have it and dont when you dont.


On the negative side, a may be so delighted with the joy of living that the life becomes frivolous and superficial. You may scatter your abilities and express little sense of purpose. The can be an enigma, for no apparent reason you may become moody and tend to retreat. Escapist tendencies are not uncommon with the life path, and you find it very hard to settle into one place or one position. Guard against being critical of others, impatient, intolerant, or overly optimistic.


Typically, the life path gives an above-average ability in some art form. This can encompass painting, interior decorating, landscaping, crafts, writing, music, or the stage, or all of the above. You are apt to be a happy, inspired person, constantly seeking the stimuli of similar people. Your exuberant nature can take you far, especially if you are ever able to focus your energies and talents.


4


The Life Path 4 produces the most trustworthy, practical, and down-to-earth of individuals; the cornerstone members of society. The goal of this life path is learning to take orders and to carry them out with dedication and perseverance. You always demand as much from yourself as you do from others, and sometimes a lot more. You have the kind of will power that is often mistaken for sheer stubbornness. Once a decision is made, it will be followed through to the conclusion, right, wrong, or indifferent; you are very set in your ways and determined to handle things the way you are so certain that they should be handled. Your tenacity of purpose and ability to get the job done borders on obsession.


You are an excellent organizer and planner because of your innate ability to view things in a very common sense and practical way. You are a wonderful manager with a great sense of how to get the job done.


Loyal and devoted, you make the best of your marriage, and you are a dependable business partner. Friends may be few in number, but you are very close to them and once friendships are made, they often last a lifetime. The number 4 is solidly associated with the element of earth from which it gains it strength and utter sense of reality. You are one of the most dependable people you know. If patience and determination can ever win, you are sure to achieve great success in life.


The negative side of the 4 can prove dogmatic to an excess, narrow-minded, and repressive. A lot of skin-deep people turn you off, and you lack the tact to keep your feelings from being totally clear to all around. Additionally, the negative 4 has a bad tendency to get too caught up in the daily routine of affairs and often misses the big picture and major opportunities that come along once in a while.


5


A Life Path 5 person is usually very versatile, adventurous, and progressive. With a 5 life path, you are one of those people who is always striving to find answers to the many questions that life poses. You want to be totally unrestrained, as this is the sign of freedom and independence. You abhor routine and boring work, and you are not very good at staying with everyday tasks that must be finished on time. You are, however, a good communicator, and you know how to motivate people around you, perhaps inclining you to be a teacher of some sort. A love of adventure may dominate your life. This may take the form of mental or physical manifestation, but in either case, you thrill to the chance for exploration and blazing new trails. You are apt to be multi-talented, but just as likely to suffer from some lack of direction, and there is often some confusion surrounding your ambition.


On the average, the number 5 personality is rather happy-go-lucky; living for today, and not worrying too much about tomorrow. It is important for you to mix with people of a like mind, and try to avoid those that are too serious and demanding. It is also important for you to find a job that provides thought-provoking tasks rather than routine and redundant responsibilities. You do best dealing with people, but the important thing is that you have the freedom to express yourself at all times. You have an innate ability to think through complex matters and analyze them quickly, but then be off to something new.


In the most negative application or use of the 5 energies, you could become very irresponsible in tasks and decisions concerning your home and business life. The total pursuit of sensation and adventure can result in your becoming self-indulgent and totally unaware of the feelings of those around you. In the worse case situations negative 5s are very undependable and self-serving.


6


The Life Path 6 indicates that very prominent in your nature is a strong sense of responsibility. You are idealistic and must feel useful to be happy. The main contribution you make is that of advice, service and ever present support. This is the Life Path related to leadership by example and assumption of responsibility, thus, it is your obligation to pick up the burden and always be ready to help. The Life Path 6 is one who is compelled to function with strength and compassion, a sympathetic and kind person, generous with personal and material resources. Wisdom, balance, and understanding are the cornerstones of this Life Path. Your extraordinary wisdom and the ability to understand the problems of others is apt to commence from an early age allowing you to easily span the generation gap and assume an important role in life early on. While the 6 may assume huge responsibilities in the community, the life revolves around the immediate home and family, for this is the most domestic of numbers. Most with Life Path 6 are the positive types who willingly carry far more than their fair share of the load and are always there when needed. You are very human and realistic about life, and you feel that the most important thing in your life is the home, family and friends.


The number 6 Life Path actually produces few negative examples, but there are some pitfalls peculiar to the path. Avoid a tendency to become overwhelmed by responsibilities and a slave to others. Also, avoid being too critical (of yourself or of others). The misuse of this Life Path produces tendencies towards exaggeration, over-expansiveness, and self-righteousness. Imposing ones views in an interfering or meddling way must be an issue of concern. The natural burdens of this number are heavy, and on rare occasions, responsibility is abdicated by persons with this Life Path 6. This rejection of responsibility will make you feel very guilty and uneasy, and it will have very damaging effects upon your relationships with others.


7


A Life Path 7 person is a peaceful and affectionate soul, and by nature rather reserved and analytical. The overwhelming strength of the number 7 is reflected in the depth of thinking that is shown; you will garner knowledge from practically every source that you find. Intellectual, scientific and studious, you dont accept a premise until you have dissected the subject and arrived at you own independent conclusion. This is a very spiritual number and it often denotes a sort of spiritual wisdom that becomes apparent at a fairly early age. You need a good deal of quiet time to be with your own inner thoughts and dreams. You dislike crowds, noise and confusion. You are very thorough and complete in your work, the perfectionist who expects everyone else to be a meet a high standard of performance, too. You evaluate situations very quickly and with amazing accuracy. You rely heavily on your experiences and your intuition, rather than accepting advice from someone; your hunches usually prove to be very accurate, and knowing this, you are one who tends to follow the directions they seem to guide. Its easy for you to detect deception and recognize insincere people. You arent one to have a wide circle of friends, but once you accept someone as a friend, its for life. You really arent a very social person, and your reserve is often taken to be aloofness. Actually, its not that at all, but merely a cover up for your basic feeling of insecurity. You actually like being alone, away from the hustle and bustle of modern life. In many ways, you would have fit in better in much earlier times when the pace of life was less hectic.


In the most negative use of the 7 energies, you can become very pessimistic, lackadaisical, quarrelsome, and secretive. A Life Path 7 individual who is not living life fully and gaining through experiences, is a hard person to live with because of a serious lack of consideration and because there is such a negative attitude. The negative 7 is very selfish and spoiled. If you have any of the negative traits they are very difficult to get rid of because you tend to feel that the world really does owe you a living or in some way is not being fairly treated. Fortunately, the negative 7 is not the typical 7, at least not without some mitigating positive traits. This number is one that seems to have some major shifts from highs to lows. Stability in feelings may be elusive for you.


8


With the Life Path of the number 8 you are focused on learning the satisfactions to be found in the material world. The Life Path 8 produces many powerful, confident and materially successful people. You are apt to be very independent, forceful and competitive. Your routine is involved in practical, down-to-earth affairs, and there is relatively little time for dreams and visions. You will want to use your ambitions, your organizational ability, and your efficient approach to carve a satisfying niche for yourself. Most of your concerns involve money and learning of the power that comes with its proper manipulation. This Life Path is perhaps the one that is the most concerned with and desirous of status, as an accompaniment to material success. If you are a positive 8 you are endowed with tremendous potential for conceiving far-reaching schemes and ideas, and also possessing the tenacity and independence to follow them through to completion. In short, you are well-equipped for competition in the business world or in other competitive fields of endeavor. You know how to manage yourself and your environment. You are practical and steady in your pursuit of major objectives, and you have the courage of your convictions when it comes to taking the necessary chances to get ahead.


The negative 8 can be dictatorial and often suppresses the enthusiasm and efforts of fellow member of the environment. Often, the strength of their own personality excludes close feelings for other people with whom they come in contact. Material gains and rewards often become issues of utmost importance, even to the neglect of family, home and peace of mind. Dedication to success can become an obsession. Emotional feelings are often suppressed by the negative 8, resulting in isolation and loneliness. All Life Path 8 people must avoid discounting the opinions of others.





The keys to the nature of a Life Path number person are compassion, generosity, and a very humanitarian attitude. This is the lesson that must be learned in this life. Usually this number produces an individual that is very trustworthy and honorable, and one unlikely to harbor any sort of prejudice. Obviously, this is a rather tall order, but you are, in fact, a person that feels very deeply for individuals less fortunate than yourself, and if you are in a position to help, you certainly will. You tend to be quite sensitive, as you see the world with much feeling and compassion. The , being the highest of the single digit numbers, holds an elevated position and poses certain responsibilities. The purpose of life for those with a life path is of a philosophical nature. Judges, spiritual leaders, healers and educators frequently have much energy. Material gains are not overly important, although the quality of some life path people is such that they are materially rewarded in very significant ways. Often, the number life path requires a very selfless attitude and the giving up of material possessions for the common good. Even the very average of those with life path possess extremely compassionate tendencies. The desire to help others, especially the troubled or underprivileged, is strong. You are apt to frequently find yourself being used and let down by others, as your generosity is misused and abused.


The number s very deep understanding of life is sometimes manifested in the artistic and literary fields. Here you may be able to express your deep emotional feelings through painting, writing, music, or other art forms. Often, however, there if a great deal of difficulty finding a suitable outlet for the Life Path. The is usually well suited to the helping and healing professions; the number is less inclined to the competitive business environment.


You have the ability to make friends very easily, as people are attracted to your magnetic, open personality. You have a special gift of understanding people, which if used correctly can be of great benefit to others. Your interest in people tends to make you quite social. People just naturally like you because you are so sympathetic, tolerant and broad-minded. In many ways, you are a romantic that can get lost in your loves and passions. Relationships can be difficult for you, however, because it is hard to strike a balance that will work effectively. If your partner is one sharing your giving attitudes, the relationship will be happy and lasting. On the other hand, if you choose a partner whose focus is on material issues, problems will arise quickly.


As do all the life path numbers, the has its negative side, and because of the demanding nature of the truly positive , many tend to fail in this category. It is not uncommon for persons with the life path to fight the realities and challenges of purpose imposed here because selflessness is not an easy trait. You may have difficulty believing that giving and a lack of personal ambition can be satisfying. It must be realized and accepted that little long-term satisfaction and happiness is to be gained by rejecting the natural humanitarian inclinations of this path.


11


The number 11 Life Path has the connotation of illumination describing its general focus. This is the number associated with spiritual awareness. As one of the two master numbers, the 11 yields understanding and knowledge beyond the grasp of others. The attitude toward life of those possessing this Life Path is somewhat extreme; extremely intuitive, avant-garde, idealistic, visionary, and cultured. These extremes make you an interesting, if unusual person, with much to offer society. The Life Path 11 person is deep-thinking, and you are no doubt interested in understanding many of lifes mysteries and more intriguing facets. Your inventive mind and broad-minded views will permit you to succeed in life in any number of ventures. You can best serve society, however, in those endeavors utilizing your skills of counseling and guidance. Much of your idealism is people oriented and quite humanitarian in nature. You expect a great deal of yourself and of those to whom you are close.


On the negative side, there is a lot of nervous tension associated with the 11 life path, and you can be a difficult person to deal with because of this. For this reason, relationships, at times, can be difficult. This is a Life Path that seems to feature broad mood swings between the elation and depression. You are likely to have trouble making decisions and getting your life in gear, so to speak. There is a tendency for the 11 to harbor feelings of uneasiness, and dissatisfaction with accomplishments and personal progress in life. Your grandiose schemes usually make sense, but you can get off the track and they can be very impractical. You have a very distinct side that lacks common sense, and you are quite often unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality. In this regard, you are perhaps more of a dreamer than a doer. When you do get on target, your ideas seem to have been inspired on high. Perhaps you are not a leader, but you are a visionary and a very talented idea person.





The Life Path is the higher of the two master number, and the most powerful of all the Life Path numbers. As such, it is also the most difficult to live up to and fulfill. The individual in endowed with many powers from within and they can reach any heights in life. A truly positive Life Path person, equipped with a suitable education, can be a master builder in society. An idealistic nature is grounded in practical terms, allowing you to conceive grandiose, far-reaching schemes and carry them through to the end. If you desire and are willing to work for it, you can achieve enormous success, prestige, and fame. Obviously, everyone with this Life Path does not become famous, but you may have realized early in life that you have the capacity to accomplish a great deal with relatively little effort.


Several Life Path number possess special spiritual understanding, however, the is unique in that this path has great understanding, but also the ability to apply knowledge in a practical way. There is purpose to your life and you view your tasks and obligations in a very emotionally controlled and determined way.


Really negative people are very rare. When they do show up, there power is similar to positive , but motivations are in a negative vein and they are very dictatorial, insensitive, and overbearing. The majority of people fall into an average category who still have sufficient ability to reach great heights within their chosen fields. The ability to control emotion may help in the business world. This is a powerful Life Path, both for the material gain it can bring and for the higher good that is often achieved for mankind.


The Birthdays





The birthday is a supporting influence added to the Life Path. Think of it as a modifier to the Life Path. These are traits that you brought into this life much as with the more important and dominating traits shown by the Life Path. Here is your birthday and the modifying traits shown by it





1


The number 1 energy suggests an increased measure of executive ability and leadership qualities than you path may have indicated. A birthday on day 1 of any month gives greater will power and self-confidence, and very often a rather original approach. This 1 energy may diminish your ability and desire to handle details, preferring instead to paint with a broad brush. You may be sensitive, but your feeling stay rather repressed.








Your birth on the nd day of the month adds a degree of emotion, sensitivity, and intuition to your reading. The is a very social number allowing you to make friends easily and quickly. Yet you are apt to have a rather nervous air in the company of a large group. You have a warmhearted nature and emotional understanding that constantly seeks affection. You are more prone than most to become depressed and moody, as emotions can turn inward and cause anxiety and mental turmoil. It can be hard for you to bounce back to reality when depression sets in.








Being born on the rd day of the month is likely to add a good bit of vitality to your life. The energy of allows you bounce back rapidly from setbacks, physical or mental. There is a restlessness in your nature, but you seem to be able to portray an easygoing, sometimes couldnt care less attitude. You have a natural ability to express yourself in public, and you always make a very good impression. Good with words, you excel in writing, speaking, and possibly singing. You are energetic and always a good conversationalist. You have a keen imagination, but you tend to scatter your energies and become involved with too may superficial matters. You are affectionate and loving, but sometimes too sensitive. You are subject to rapid ups and downs.





4


Being born on the 4th day of the month should help make you a better manager and organizer. You may be more responsible and self-disciplined than your Life Path suggested because of this date. Sincere and honest, you are a serious and hard working individual. Limitations may be imposed by this 4 energy, especially if this number is active elsewhere in your reading. Your feelings are likely to seem somewhat repressed at times. The number 4 has something of an inhibiting effect on your ability to show and express affections, as feeling are very closely regulated and controlled. Even if it by itself, you are apt to be much more practical, rational, and conscious of details. There is a good deal of rigidity and stubbornness associated with the number 4.





5


With a birthday on the 5th of the month you are inclined to work well with people and enjoy them. You are talented and versatile, very good at presenting ideas. You may have a tendency to get itchy feet at times and need change and travel. You tend to be very progressive, imaginative and adaptable. Your mind is quick, clever and analytical. A restlessness in your nature may make you a bit impatient and easily bored with routine. You may have a tendency to shirk responsibility.


6


A birthday on the 6th of the month adds a tone of responsibility, helpfulness, and understanding to your natural inclinations. Those born on the sixth are more apt to be open and honest with everyone, and more caring about family and friends, too. This is a number associated with responsibility and caring, and no matter what your lifepath, this birthday lends a degree of concern for others.





7


Born on the 7th day of month gives you a tendency to be something of a perfectionist and makes you more individualistic in many ways. Your mind is good at deep mental analysis and complicated reasoning. You are very psychic and sensitive, and you should usually follow your hunches. You may not take orders too well, so you may want to work along or in a situation where you can be the boss. This birthday gives a tendency to be somewhat self-centered and a little stubborn.





8


Born on the 8th day of the month, you have a special gift for business, as you can conceive and plan on a grand scale. You have good executive skills and youre a good judge of values. You should try to own your own business, because you have such a strong desire to be in control. You are generally reliable when it comes to handling money; you can be trusted in this regard. Idealistic by nature, you are never too busy to spend some time on worthwhile causes, especially if managerial support are needed. There is much potential for material success associated with this number.








Your birth on the th day of the month adds a tone of idealism and humanitarianism to your nature. You become one who can work easily with people because you are broadminded, tolerant and generous. You are ever sensitive to others needs and feelings, and even if the other numbers in your core makeup dont show it, you are very sympathetic and compassionate. Your feeling run deep and you often find yourself in dramatically charged situations. This energy always tends to give more that it gets.





10


Your birth on the 10th day of the month adds a tone of independence and extra energy to your Life Path. The number 1 energy suggest more executive ability and leadership qualities than you path may have indicated. A birthday on the 10th of any month gives greater will power and self-confidence, and very often a rather original approach. This 1 energy may diminish your ability and desire to handle details, preferring instead to paint with a broad brush. You are sensitive, but your feeling stay somewhat repressed. You have a compelling manner that can be dominating in many situations.





11


Your birth on the 11th day of the month makes you something of a dreamer and an idealist. You work well with people because you know how to use persuasion rather than force. There is a strong spiritual side to your nature, and you may have intuitive qualities inherent in your make up, too. You are very aware and sensitive, though often temperamental. Although you have a good mind and you are very analytical, you may not be comfortable in the business world. You are definitely creative and this influence tends to make you more of a dreamer than a doer.





1


Being born on the 1th day of the month ( energy) is likely to add a good bit of vitality to your life. The energy of allows you bounce back rapidly from setbacks, physical or mental. There is a restlessness in your nature, but you seem to be able to portray an easygoing, sometimes couldnt care less attitude. You have a natural ability to express yourself in public, and you always make a very good impression. Good with words, you excel in writing, speaking, and possibly singing. You are energetic and always a good conversationalist. You have a keen imagination, but you tend to scatter your energies and become involved with too may superficial matters. Your mind is practical and rational despite this tendency to jump about. You are affectionate and loving, but very sensitive. You are subject to rapid ups and downs.





1


Being born on the 1th day of the month should help make you a better manager and organizer, but it may also give you a tendency to dominate people a bit. You may be more responsible and self-disciplined than your Life Path suggested because of this date. Sincere and honest, you are a serious, hard working individual. Limitations may be imposed by this 4 energy, especially if there is additional indications the number elsewhere in your number. Your feeling are likely to seem somewhat repressed at times. Even if it by itself, you are apt to be much more practical, rational, and conscious of details. Your intolerance and insistence on complete accuracy can be irritating to some.





14


With a birthday on the 14th of the month (5 energy) you are inclined to work well with people and enjoy them. You are talented and versatile, very good at presenting ideas, and you are also very good at organization and systematizing. You may have a tendency to get itchy feet at times and need change and travel. You tend to be very progressive, imaginative and adaptable. Your mind is quick, clever and analytical. A restlessness in your nature may make you a bit impatient and easily bored with routine, and rebel against it. You have a tendency to shirk responsibility.





15


With a birthday on the 15th of any month, you are apt to have really strong attachments to home, family and domestic scene. The 1 and 5 equaling 6, provide the sort of energy that makes you an excellent parent or teacher. You are very responsible and capable. This is an attractive and an attracting influence. You like harmony in your environment and strive to maintain it. You tend to learn by observation rather than study and research. You may like to cook, but you probably dont follow recipes. This number shows artistic leanings and would certainly support an talents that may be otherwise in your makeup. Youre a very generous and giving person, but perhaps a bit stubborn in ways.





16


Your birth on the 16th day of the month gives a sense of loneliness and generally the desire to work alone. You are relatively inflexible, and insist on your being independent. You need a good deal of time to rest and to meditate. You are introspective and a little stubborn. Because of this, it may not be easy for you to maintain permanent relationships, but you probably will as you are very much into home and family. This birth day inclines to interests in the technical, the scientific, and to the religious or the unknown realm of spiritual explorations. The date gives you a tendency to seek unusual approaches and makes your style seem a little different and unique to those around you. Your intuition is aided by the day of your birth, but most of your actions are bedded in logic, responsibility, and the rational approach. You may be emotional, but have a hard time expressing these emotions. Because of this, there may be some difficulty in giving or receiving affection.





17


Your birth on the 17th day of the month suggests that you are very fortune financially, because this date is very good for business interest and a solid business sense. Although you are probably very honest and ethical, this birthday enables you to be shrewd and successful in the world of business and commercial enterprise. You have excellent organizational, managerial, and administrative capabilities enabling you to handle large projects and significant amounts of money with relative ease. You are ambitious and highly goal-oriented, although you may be better at starting projects than you are at finishing them. A sensitivity in your nature, often repressed below the surface of awareness, makes it hard to give or receive affection.





18


Your birthday on the 18th day of the month suggests than you are one who can work well with a group, but still remain someone who needs to maintain individual identity. There is a humanistic or philanthropic approach to business circumstances in which you find yourself. You may have good executive abilities, as you are very much the organizer and administrator. You are broad-minded, tolerant and generous; a compassionate person that can inspire others with imaginative ideas. Some of your feelings may be expressed, but even more of them are apt to be repressed. There is a lot of drama in your personality and in the way you express yourself to others. Oddly enough, you dont expect as much in return as you give.





1


Your birth on the 1th day of the month adds a tone of independence and extra energy to your Life Path, but poses a number of obstacles to overcome before you are able to be as independent as you would like. The number 1 energy suggests more executive ability and leadership qualities than your path may have indicated. A birthday on the 1th of any month gives greater will power and self-confidence, and very often a rather original approach; but with this, a somewhat self-centered approach to life that may be in conflict with some of the other influences in your life. This 1 energy may diminish your ability and desire to handle details, preferring instead to paint with a broad brush. You are sensitive, but your feeling stay somewhat repressed. You have a compelling manner that can be dominating in many situations. You do not tend to follow convention or take advice very well. Consequently, you tend to learn through experience; sometimes hard experiences. The 1/1 is a loner number and you may experience feelings of being alone even if you are married. You may take on a tendency to be nervous and anger more easily than your Life Path number suggests.





0


Your birth on the 0th day of the month adds a degree of emotion, sensitivity, and intuition to your reading. The energy provided here is very social, allowing you to make friends easily and quickly. Yet you are apt to have a rather nervous air in the company of a large group. You have a warmhearted nature and emotional understanding that constantly seeks affection. You are very prone to become depressed and moody, as emotions can turn inward and cause anxiety and mental turmoil. It can be hard for you to bounce back to reality when depression sets in. When things are going well, you can go just as far the other way and become extremely affectionate.





1


Being born on the 1st day of the month ( energy) is likely to add a good bit of vitality to your life. The energy of allows you bounce back rapidly from setbacks, physical or mental. There is a restlessness in your nature, but you seem to be able to portray an easygoing, sometimes couldnt care less attitude. You have a natural ability to express yourself in public, and you always make a very good impression. Good with words, you excel in writing, speaking, and possibly singing. You are energetic and always a good conversationalist. You have a keen imagination, but you tend to scatter your energies and become involved with too may superficial matters. Your mind is practical and rational despite this tendency to jump about. You are affectionate and loving, but very sensitive. You are subject to rapid ups and downs.








While sometimes employing unorthodox approaches, you are capable of handling large scale undertakings, assuming great responsibility, and working long and hard towards their completion. Often, especially in the early part of life, there is rigidity or stubbornness, and a tendency to repress feelings. Idealistic, you work for the greater good with a good deal of inner strength and charisma. An extremely capable organizer, but likely to paint with broad strokes rather than detail. You are very aware and intuitive. You are subject to a good deal of nervous tension.








With a birthday on the rd of the month (5 energy) you are inclined to work well with people and enjoy them. You are talented and versatile, very good at presenting ideas. You may have a tendency to get itchy feet at times and need change and travel. You tend to be very progressive, imaginative and adaptable. Your mind is quick, clever and analytical. A restlessness in your nature may make you a bit impatient and easily bored with routine. You may have a tendency to shirk responsibility. Very sociable, you make friends easily and you are an excellent traveling companion.





4


Born on the 4th, you have a greater capacity for responsibility and helping others than may have shown in your life path. You may also become the mediator and peacemaker in inharmonious situations. Devoted to family, you tend to manage and protect. This birth date adds to the emotional nature and perhaps to the sensitivities. Affections are important to you; both the giving and the receiving.





5


Your birth on the 5th day of the month (7 energy) modifies your life path by giving you some special interest in technical, scientific, or other complex and often hard to understand subjects. You may become something of a perfectionist and a stickler for details. Your thinking is logical and intuitive, rational and responsible. Your feelings may run deep, but you are not very likely to let them show. This birthday makes you a more private person, more introspective and perhaps more inflexible. In friendships you are very cautious and reserved. You are probably inventive, and given to unique approaches and solutions.





6


Your birth on the 6th day of the month (8 energy) modifies your life path by increasing your capability to function and succeed in the business world. In this environment you have the skills to work very well with others thanks to the and 6 energies combining in this date. There is a marked increase in organizational, managerial, and administrative abilities. You are efficient and handle money very well. Ambitious and energetic, while generally remaining cooperative and adaptable. You are conscientious and not afraid of responsibility. Generally sociable and diplomatic, you tend to use persuasion rather than force. You have a wonderful combination of being good at both the broad strokes and the fine detail; good at starting and continuing. This birthday is practical and realistic, often seeking material satisfaction.





7


Your birth on the 7th day of the month ( energy) adds a tone of selflessness and humanitarianism to your life path. Certainly, you are one who can work very well with people, but at the same time you need a good bit of time to be by your self to rest and meditate. Regardless of your life path number, there is a very humanistic and philanthropic approach in most of things that you do. This birthday helps you be broadminded, tolerant, generous and very cooperative. You are the type of person who uses persuasion rather than force to achieve your ends. You tend to be very sensitive to others needs and feelings, and you able to give much in the way of friendship without expecting a lot in return.





8


Your birth on the 8th day of the month (1 energy) adds a tone of independence and extra energy to your Life Path. The number 1 energy suggest more executive ability and leadership qualities than you path may have indicated. A birthday on the 8th of any month gives greater will power and self-confidence, and very often a rather original approach. Unlike much of the other 1 energy, this birthday is one that endow with the ability to start a job and continue on until it is finished. You may prefer to use the broad brush, but you can handle details as well. You are sensitive, but your feeling stay somewhat repressed. You have a compelling manner that can be dominating in many situations.








Your birthday on the th adds a tone of idealism to your nature. You are imaginative and creative, but rather uncomfortable in the business world. You are very aware and sensitive, with outstanding intuitive skills and analytical abilities. The reduces to 11, one of the master numbers which often produces much nervous tension. This is the birthday of the dreamer rather than the doer. You do, however, work very well with people.





0


Your birthday on the 0th day of the month shows individual self-expression is necessary for your happiness. You tend to have a good way of expressing yourself with words, certainly in a manner that is clear and understandable. You have a good chance of success in fields requiring skill with words. You can be very dramatic in your presentation and you may be a good actor or a natural mimic. You have a vivid imagination that can assist you in becoming a good writer or story-teller. Strong in your opinions, you always tend to think you are on the right side of an issue. There may be a tendency to scatter your energies and have a lot of loose ends in your work. You may have significant artistic talent and be very creative.





1


Your birthday suggests that you are a good organizer and manager, an energetic and dependable worker; attributes often showing success in the business world. Serious and sincere, you have the patience and determination necessary to accomplish a great deal. Your approach can be original, but often rigid and stubborn. Sensitivity may be present, but feeling are likely to be repressed. You are good with detail and insist on accuracy, but at times scatter energies. Practical thinker, but not without imagination. You love travel and dont like to live alone. You should probably marry early, for responsibility is necessary for your stability.


Your Inner Dreams


The sum of the consonants in your name relates a secret dream, your inner desires, or maybe even fantasies. As a modifier, this aspect of your chart may be considered less important than many of the others because often these remote and deep-seated dreams are never realized. Sometimes, however, when this number has a relationship to another core number, the dream can come true. Strangely, this number is also associated with your personality or how people see you on first meetings. This number may be so strong in your subconscious that you even project the trait as a personality mask.


Heres a chart showing the value of the consonants


1 4 5 6 7 8


-- B C D -- F G H --


J K L M N -- P Q R


S T -- V W X Y Z --


Dont count W or Y as a consonant if it is been used as a vowel in the name.


If the consonants in your name add up to


1...You dream of being a leader and one who is in charge. You want to be known for your courage, daring, and original ideas. You seek unconquered heights. People may get a first impression that you are very aggressive and sure of yourself.


...You dream of close and meaningful relationships, cooperation with those around you; family and friends. You want to be a peacemaker and mediator. You present an image that you are a very pliable and easygoing person who would be very easy to get along with.





...You dream of artistic expression; writing, painting, music. You would seek to more freely express your inner feeling and obtain more enjoyment from life. You also dream of being more popular, likable, and appreciated.


4...You dream of being a very solid citizen that people can depend upon. You strive for organization and predictable order. You want to be recognized as a person with a plan and the discipline to make that plan work like clockwork.


5...You dream of being totally free and unrestrained by responsibility. You see yourself conversing and mingling with the natives in many nations, living for adventure and life experiences. You imagine what you might accomplished.


6...You dream of guiding and fostering the perfect family in the perfect home. You crave the devotion from offspring and a loving spouse. You picture yourself in the center of a successful domestic unit.


7...You dream of having the opportunity to read, study, and shut yourself off from worldly distractions. You can see yourself as a teacher, mystic, or ecclesiastic, spending your life in the pursuit of knowledge and learning.


8...You dream of success in the business or political world, of power and control of large material endeavors. You crave authority and recognition of executive skills. Your secret self may have very strong desire to become an entrepreneur.


...You dream of being creative, intellectual, and universal; the selfless humanitarian. You understand the needy and what to help them. You would love to be a person people count on for support and advice.


11...You dream of casting the light of illumination; of being the true idealist. You secretly believe there is more to life than we can know or prove, and you would like to be provider of the word from on high.


...You dream of being a master organizer and a builder of monumental projects; of guiding a truly huge endeavor. Your secret fantasy is to think big and imagine what could be done for the world. You may also dream of the huge rewards.


The Soul Urge


The Soul Urge or as it is sometimes called, the hearts desire, is an important core influence in numerology. This number is made up from the vowels (a, e, i, o and u) in your full birth name just as it is recorded on your birth certificate.


The sum of all of these letter, converted to numbers, and reduced to a single number or a master number is your Soul Urge. This means your inner craving, likes and dislikes. This number denotes what you value most regardless of Life Path (what you are from birth) and expression (what you will become in life).


Here is a chart reflecting the number value of the vowels and sometime vowels


1 4 5 6 7 8


A - - - E - - - I


- - - - - O - - -


- - U - W - Y - -


A Y is also a vowel when there is no other vowel in a syllable (Lynn or Carolyn) and when it is preceded by a vowel and sounded as one sound (Hayden). A W is treated as a vowels when it is preceeded by a vowel and produces a single sound, as in such names and Bradshaw.


Find your Soul Urge Number reading below


1 4 5 6 7 8 11


1


Your Soul Urge is the number 1. With a Soul Urge number of 1, you want to lead and direct, to work independent of supervision, by yourself or with subordinates. You take pride in you abilities and want to be recognized for them. You may seek opportunities to display your strength and usefulness, wanting to create and originate. In your desire to manage the big picture and the main issues, you may often leave the details to others.





The positive 1 Soul Urge is Ambitious and determined, a leader seeking opportunities. There is a great deal of honesty and loyalty in this character. If you possess positive 1 Soul Urge qualities, you are very attainment oriented and driven to success. You are a loyal friend and strictly fair in your business dealings.





The negative side of the 1 Soul Urge must be avoided. A negative 1 is apt to dominate situations and people; the home, the spouse, the family and the business. Emotions arent strong in this nature. If you possess an excess of 1 energy, you may, at times, be boastful and egotistic. You must avoid being too critical and impatient of trifles. The great need of the 1 Soul Urge is the development of friendliness, and a sincere interest in people.








With the Soul Urge number , your motivation is centered on friendships, partnerships, and companionship. You want to work with others as a part of a cooperative team. Leadership is not important to you, but making a contribution to the team effort is. You are willing to work hard to achieve a harmonious environment with sensitive, genial people.





In a positive sense, the Soul Urge is sympathetic, extremely concerned and devoted. The nature tends to be very sensitive to others, always tactful and diplomatic. This element in your nature indicates that you are rather emotional. You are persuasive, but in a very quiet way, never forceful. You are the type that makes really close friendships because you are so affectionate and loving.





If this number is over-emphasized in your makeup, you may be over-sensitive, with a delicate ego that is too easily hurt. You may be timid or fearful, too easygoing for your own good.








With the Soul Urge number your desire in life is personal expression, and generally enjoying life to its fullest. You want to participate in an active social life and enjoy a large circle of friends. You want to be in the limelight, expressing your artistic or intellectual talents. Word skills may be your thing; speaking, writing, acting, singing. In a positive sense, the energy is friendly, outgoing and always very social.


You have a decidedly upbeat attitude that is rarely discouraged; a good mental and emotional balance.





The Soul Urge gives intuitive insight, thus, very high creative and inspirational tendencies. The truly outstanding trait shown by the Soul Urge is that of self-expression, regardless of the field of endeavor.





On the negative side, you may at times become too easygoing and too optimistic, tending to scatter forces and accomplish very little. Often, the excessive energy produces non-stop talkers. Everyone has faults, but the soul urge doesnt appreciate having these pointed out.





4


With the Soul Urge or Motivation number of 4 you are likely to strive for a stable life. You tend to follow a rather orderly pattern and systematic approach in your endeavors. You have an inner desire to serve others in a methodical and diligent manner. You want to be in solid, conventional, and well-regulated activities, and you are somewhat disturbed by innovation and erratic or sudden changes. Excellent at organizing, systematizing, and managing, you have a way of establishing order and maintaining it. You are responsible, reliable and in the final analysis, practical. Highly analytical, you can see your way through all sorts of situations and generally have a clear understanding of the issues. You are a very honest, sincere, and conscientious individual.





The negative side of the 4 is rigid, stubborn and somewhat narrow-minded. There is a tendency to hide feelings, or to really not be aware of real feelings. Avoid being too rigid and stubborn in your thinking, and try to always see the big picture rather than becoming to involved with the detail. Dont be afraid to take a chance once in awhile.





5


The 5 soul urge or motivation would like to follow a life of freedom, excitement, adventure and unexpected happening. The idea of travel and freedom to roam intrigues you. You are very much the adventurer at heart. Not particularly concerned about your future or about getting ahead, you can seem superficial and unmotivated.





In a positive sense, the energies of the number 5 make you very adaptable and versatile. You have a natural resourcefulness and enthusiasm that may mark you as a progressive with a good mind and active imagination. You seem to have a natural inclination to be a pace-setter. You are attracted to the unusual and the fast paced.





You may be overly restless and impatient at times. You may dislike the routine work that you are engaged in, and tend to jump from activity to activity, without ever finishing anything. You may have difficulty with responsibility. You dont want to be tied down to a relationship, and it may be hard to commit to one person.





6


With a number 6 Soul Urge, you would like to be appreciated for your ability to handle responsibility. Your home and family are likely to be a strong focus for you, perhaps the strongest focus of your life. Friendship, love, and affection are high on your list of priorities for a happy life. You have a lot of diplomatic tendencies in your makeup, as you a able to rectify and balance situations with an innate skill. You like working with people rather than by yourself. It is extremely important for you to have harmony in your environment at all times.





The positive side of the 6 Soul Urge produces a huge capacity for responsibility; you are always there and ready to assume more than your share of the load. If you possess positive 6 Soul Urges and express them, you are known for your generosity, understanding and deep sympathetic attitude. Strong 6 energy is very giving of love, affection, and emotional support. You may have the inclination to teach or serve your community in other idealistic ways. You have natural abilities to help people. You are also likely to have artistic and creative leanings.





If you have an over-supply of 6 energy in your makeup, you may express some of the negative traits common to this number. With such a strong sympathetic attitude, it is easy to become too emotional. Sometimes the desires to render help can be over done, and it can become interfering and an attitude that is too protective, rather than helpful. The person with too much 6 energy often finds that people tend to take advantage of this very giving spirit. You may tend to repress your own needs so that you can cater to the demands from others. At times, there may be a tendency in this, for becoming over-loaded with such demands, and as a result become resentful.





7


With a number 7 Soul Urge you are very fond of reading, and retreating to periods of being alone and away from the disruptions of the outer world. You like to dream and develop you idealistic understandings, to study and analyze, to gain knowledge and wisdom. You may be too laid back and withdrawn to really succeed in the business world, and you will be much more comfortable in circumstances that are tolerant of your reserve, your analytical approach, and your desire to use your mind rather than your physical being.





You are very timid around people that you dont know very well, so much so at times that casual conversation and social situations can be strained. You tend to repress your emotions to the extend that some people have a good bit of difficult understanding you. You tend to be very selective with friends and you dont easily adapt to new environments or to new people very quickly.





The negative traits of the 7 include becoming too much the introvert and isolated from others.





8


With an 8 soul urge, you have a natural flare for big business and the challenges imposed by the commercial world. Power, status and success are very important to you. You have strong urges to supervise, organize and lead. Material desires are also very pronounced. You have good executive abilities, and with these, confidence, energy and ambition.





Your mind is analytical and judgment sound; youre a good judge of material values and also human character. Self-controlled, you rarely let emotions cloud judgment. You are somewhat of an organizer at heart, and you like to keep those beneath you organized and on a proper track. This is a personality that wants to lead, not follow. You want to be known for your planning ability and solid judgment.





The negative aspects of the 8 soul urge are the often dominating and exacting attitude. You may have a tendency to be very rigid, sometimes stubborn.








With a Soul Urge, you want to give to others, usually in a humanitarian or philanthropic manner. You are highly motivated to give friendship, affection and love. And you are generous in giving of your knowledge and experience. You have very sharing urges, and you are likely to have a great deal to share. Your concern for others makes you a very sympathetic and generous person with a sensitive and compassionate nature.





You are able to view life in very broad and intuitive terms. You often express high ideals and an inspirational approach to life. If you are able to fully realize the potential of your motivation, you will be a very self-sacrificing person who is able to give freely without being concerned about any return or reward.





As with all human beings, you are prone to sometimes express the negative attitudes inherent to your Soul Urges. You may become too sensitive and tend to express emotions strongly at times. There can be significant conflict between higher aims and personal ambitions. You may resent the idea of giving all of the time and, in fact, if there is too much energy in your nature you may reject the idea. You may often be disappointed in the lack of perfection in yourself and others.





11


With the 11 Soul Urge, much of your thinking and interests relate to the abstract, the spiritual, and utopian dreams. You are motivated toward idealistic concepts, and the sharing of your ideas and concepts with humanity. This number is not one that is giving in a material or a practical sense, but rather one who desires to help mankind with a more abstract commodity such as religion, spiritualism, occult studies, or even psychic abilities.





If you possess the positive 11 Soul Urge traits, you have a dream of the perfect world; you are highly idealistic and inspirational. Your inner strength and devotion to your beliefs are extremely strong. You have a very good mind that is especially well equipped to handle the higher, more abstract forms of thought.





If there is an excess of 11 energy in your makeup, you may possess some the negative 11 traits. There is a tendency for the 11 to produce considerable amounts of nervous tension which is bought on by a very high level of awareness. You may be too sensitive and overly emotional. In some cases, these sensitivities and emotions are quite repressed, and this tends to add even more to the sense of nervousness in the makeup.





The strong 11 is not a very practical person because of the extreme idealism; often, there is a degree of self-deception present. There is usually a rather fixed idea of right and wrong held by those showing strong 11 traits, and with this very often is a resulting attitude of inflexibility.








The Soul Urge of the master number is very much that of the master builder. You would like to use your abilities in an important humanitarian undertaking, and have an innate desire is to express the significant power you feel in a concrete manner, as a builder, engineer, diplomat, etc. In some way you want to make a considerable contribution to the world.





The gives a broad, universal outlook with a rather practical and common-sense approach. You have especially high intelligence, with an unusual perception and awareness. This number often denotes a high degree of diplomatic abilities and high ideals. You are a very capable person and you may possess special leadership abilities that you can and should develop. People respect you and recognize your superior foresight and vision.





The negative side of the soul urge is a high degree of nervous energy and a tendency to be very dominating. It is unfortunate that all who possess the urge of do not use its energies to the greatest advantage; but then it should be recognized that these energies are understandably the most difficult to focus and direct.


The Challenge Number





Lets face it. Life is not a bed of roses. There are hurdles to get over and mountains to climb. In numerology, the roadblocks faced in life is called the challenges. The Challenge is a weak point in our Life Path. It is the weak link in the chain of life which must be overcome for us to grow and develop properly. We learn by meeting the challenge, and dealing with it effectively. The nature of the challenge is shown in the Life Path.


Actually, there are three challenges included in your life path. Two that will be called sub-challenges and then a main challenge. Each challenge is represented by a number, and the number reflects the tone of the confrontation. We will again use the month, the day and the year of birth in this calculation. The first step will be to reduce each of these components to a single digit base number. Thus, December 14, 168, would become month (1+), day 5 (1+4), and year 6 (1++6+8=4; +4=6).


The first sub challenge is derived by finding the difference between the month and day of birth. In our example, this would be 5-= first sub challenge.


The second sub challenge is identified by finding the difference between the day of birth and the year of birth. The example would be 6-5=1; the number 1 for a second sub challenge.


The final challenge is identified by finding the difference between the first and second sub challenge. Our example would have a -1=1 challenge.


The numbers behind the final challenge will each be a potential problem during half of the life. The first sub challenge during the first part of the life, and the second sub challenge during the second half of the life. The Final Challenge is a potential weakness and problem throughout the entire life.


If you correctly reduced the month, day and year to a single digit (no master number), the difference between the two numbers must bePlease note that this sample paper on Numerology is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Numerology, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Numerology will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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