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Thursday, 31 May 2012

RETROSPECTOLOGY: The world according to Patricia Piccinini

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“Patricia Piccinini is an artist of our time and gives visual form to some concepts that concern us all mainly the scientific ethics of the use of stem cells and cloning. Her work is confronting and even shocking.”

This statement is interesting, firstly, in that it is not grammatically correct. Therefore, it can be interpreted in many ways. My own personal interpretation of this statement is that it is true � to a certain extent.

Patricia Piccinini is an artist of our time � and some of her works do mainly focus on the ethics of embryonic stem cell usage, cloning, and genetic manipulation. However, the ways in which her works are confronting, or shocking, can be explored in many ways.

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One of the works that I found most interesting was the first one that I encountered � Still Life with Stem Cells, a sculptural work depicting a young girl, startlingly real to life, playing with objects clearly identifiable as humanoid by their shape and human characteristics � a depiction of the manipulation of undifferentiated stem cells.

A question that must be posed regarding this work however, is that of Piccinini’s choice in the manifestation of her subject matter. Why is it a little girl playing with the embryonic stem cells, why are the stem cells portrayed so hideously?

Piccinini’s work is unique in that it neither condones nor condemns this new technology that confronts us today. Instead, it provides us with insight into issues that we may not have considered before. In “Still Life” one may ask if the little girl was a deliberate warning against this technology being something like a knife in a child’s hands. Yet it is not presented in a way which deliberately states this � rather it allows room for vast interpretation � prompting the viewer to consider the issue in more than one way.

Another of her interesting pieces is that entitled “Protein Lattice,” comprising of a series of glossy images overlooking several sets of TV monitors. It is perhaps in this piece that Piccinini’s skill and diversity in regard to the themes of her artwork is portrayed to its full extent. In the images, beautiful young women are showed in all their perfection, yet surrounded by the grotesque forms of the infamous rats with human ears attached to their backs. This paradoxical combination is startling in the messages that it conveys. The model’s artificial, computer generated beauty, compared with the hideous, genetically engineered mutant rats, seems eerily similar, a juxtaposition that forces us to confront the implications of genetic engineering, and what it can produce. Again, the ingenuity of Piccinini’s work is that it does not specifically say anything � in its ambiguity, its messages are conveyed perhaps more clearly than if they had been written in bold. It is possible, that generally, people tend to believe more in a concept when they are allowed to reach their own conclusions about it, rather than be forced to accept something as it has been presented to them.

In the process of making her works, Piccinini combines sophisticated computer technology with her own visualisations, a statement in itself as to the power of technology in the transformation of one thing to another, or even to simply modify it, make it perfect. Most of her pieces are first created virtually in the computer and then brought to life in a three dimensional form. Her utilisation of this technique, along with her combined works gives thought to what people may take for granted as real. What is real - A question that is asked in every one of her pieces.

In terms of space, lighting, and painted information, the exhibition is displayed with as much flawless perfection as the actual pieces, so much so that within moments of stepping into its boundaries, one cannot help wondering if one has gone into a completely different dimension where the warped, the beautiful and the hideous permeate the world in twisted combinations.

The exhibition, for the most part, is dimly lit, with only specific points of focus illuminated brightly, so as to draw attention to those parts. Other, more darker displays are only dimly lit, yet draw a perverse attention as curiosity overcomes repulse and those who can stand to look do so. The entire exhibition has an air of being glossed over, smoothed, air brushed, and the catalogue is much the same, a digital two dimension recapture of the three dimensional model.

Federation Square was as controversial in its displays as the ACCA was � but in a completely different way. Many critics would have considered many of the artworks displayed at the Gallery blasphemous � something that would not have been completely unknown to the exhibition at the ACCA. Yet whereas the ACCA focused on one artist and one theme, the Gallery displayed much more varied pieces. Each was interesting in its own way to look at � how people would have related to the works of art would have depended on their own personal beliefs. How they related to each other would have depended on their past experiences � and their current opinions and values.



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NightHawks

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This is a painting done by William Harnett. The name of this portrait is called “A Smoke Backstage.” This is an trompe l’oeil painting. The painting is made to look real. It’s french for “fool the eye.” Paintings like this impress me because they look real. It’s dimensions are 78.5. Some of the elements I’ll be talking about are line, shape, texture, color, emphasis, and movement. These aspects are covered in chapter four and five.

The first element of art I will be telling about is line. In this painting, line is being used in a variety of ways. The line of the table, is setting the boundary for this picture. The package and newspaper help define the three-dimensional view. The part that you inhale through the pipe helps set the line and completes the pipe and definition.

Shape is also a very important element used in this painting. By looking at the painting, I could see the shape at the base of the pipe. From the colors and textures apart from the base of the table. The pipe has more of a geometric shape. The tobacco package in the middle of the table is using up mass in the painting.

I think there is a variety of texture being used. First, the actual textures in the painting is the table, newspaper, and the long end of the pipe. There smooth and we could feel them by touching. The simulated textures in the painting would be the opened end of the tobacco package, the tobacco at the end of the pipe, and the pipe in general. It looks real, but if we would touch it, it would feel like smooth paint.

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By looking at this picture, I found that it had a lot of linear perspective and atmospherical perspective. This painting has a foreground, middle ground, and a background. The newspaper appears closer in the foreground and they tend to decrease in size and vanish off into the background. There is a lot of wide variety of color and detail in the foreground of this painting which is also known as atmospherical perspective. Because the changing of color, value, and detail gives it an illusion of depth.

By observing and studying this picture, I also found that a variety of colors are being used throughout the painting. Color is mostly being used in the middle of the painting. The colors are light blue, cream, yellow, brown, and dark brown. The light blue is a nice contrast compared to all the dark colors.

There is also a lot of emphasis and subordination that is being used throughout this painting. The figure that drew my attention to this picture was the pipe leaning up against the tobacco box. This is a form called focal point. I think the newspaper was a subordination. It helped create a neutral area of lesser interest that kept me from being distracted from areas of less emphasis.

Movement is also another key aspect in this painting. Movement is occurring from the bottom of the painting to the top. The pipe extending from the bottom left to all the way back to the top right. Directional force is causing me to look from the bottom of the picture to the top.

By looking at this painting, I have come to the conclusion that this is a form of representational art. Most of William Harnett’s paintings are personally expressive. I don’t know what the meaning of this painting means, but I’m guessing it’s representing a place to relax.



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Untitled

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Life is a journey, not a destination. Alison, my advisor at Grove School, gave me that guidance soon after I arrived. I never understood how true that statement was until I decided to make my life a journey that would be unforgettable. I chose to make an impact on how I live everyday. I did not always hold this conviction, and I certainly did not always live with this mindset. I arrived at Grove School, a therapeutic boarding community, and wished that my time as a student would quickly fly by. Arriving at Grove’s door before my sophomore year, I felt trapped in a state of mind that I knew was not positive but I did not see the way to escape. This represented to me both the beginning of a road and also a place that may be safe. I knew that there was a possibility that the school offered a chance to get away from all the pain of being a freshman that was forced to deal with issues of acceptance, anxiety, and isolation on a grand scale in all aspects of life. I had experienced in one short year the sadness of divorce, death, and dislocation and had been left with low self-esteem and a negative reaction to an environment that was not comfortable or nurturing. I wanted to start fresh at this new school, quickly fix myself and get on with life as a “normal” teen-age student. I did not realize at that point that my journey of self-healing was just beginning.

Over the course of those two years, I went through a number of the stages of development and I learned to cope with the “death” of my old self and to re-emerge as a person with a new perspective. Struggling to work hard academically, emotionally, and socially everyday taught me that I could thrive and not just survive as a young adult. The change was gradual, but it was conscious. Before I left Grove, I decided to write a goodbye speech to share my newfound perspective on life. This is what my journey has taught me.

… Life is beautiful. Look outside at anything, whether it is a tree, a rock or the rain. Realize that what you have around you is why life is worth living. As clich�d as it might sound, live everyday as if it were your last. Not because it might be but because there is so much to experience and live for. Don’t be afraid to be who you are and learn to love and be proud enough to show it. There is a rhythm and a pattern to life and once you learn to accept and embrace, you will see what I am talking about. As I started this speech, I had said that I always wished for time to just fly by. This past month I begged it to crawl so that I might cherish my last few times with the people around me. But even as I leave, I still wish for time to just take its time, so that my life can be lived in every moment for what it is worth. Never forget that life is beautiful.

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TMA07 ~ managing complexity a system approach

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Introduction

Strongly orientated around our beliefs my wife and I have decided to emigrate to another country that closer matches our current and future aspirations; beliefs & values; needs and wants ect. It is a mix of both hard and soft complexity and therefore requires a good balance of both. The personal context and beliefs may create certain paradoxes that will need accommodation and calibration through awareness of personality styles; monitoring and control; reflective techniques and a respectful use of approach relative to the contextualization driven by the situation.

Duality of relative systems will be exhibited by the need of various levels of learning required by my wife in order for her to participate, enabling her to create and interpret diagrams and distinctions between terminology and alike. Overall our epistemology of how and what to measure and why to measure it are not yet known this confirmed my initial choice of approach.



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Beginning with the SSM approach I will embody the variety of tasks and issues that I would not have considered without using this approach. Using this method, emergence and insight will lead me to iteration of my potential relevant systems, redefining my root definition giving congruence throughout the analysis. By making my beliefs, values and circumstance explicit magnitudes of belief and personality style will become clearer and therefore required accommodation accounted for. The relevant systems will be of a recursive dimension, having a very similar format � based on the initial stages of SSM � taking the method as far as I feel can be congruent with the situation.

Qualification of approach relative to the emergence will give distinction between hard and soft complexity, driven by the situation the analysis will merge into HSM to enable an objective measurement of hard data. This will be shown in the form of a multicriteria analysis and although its format will be based on hard data though the weighting and scores will lend them selves to our personally contextualized beliefs relative to our worldviews.

The final stage would be to bring these two approaches together for a final analysis and further iteration and through, what is obvious now, visit the potential countries for participative needs for a taste of reality � here is where my project comes to a halt. Here I will attempt through reflective techniques to establish specifically my weaknesses and as this is a real life inquiry I will for my own purposes continue will the study and use it to enable my decision making process regarding emigration.



Some reflection-before-action � Stage 0 (iteration in red)

Questions

· Why am I doing this, what do I want from the inquiry?

o To find a better place to live

o To reduce uncertainty

o To be able to make an informed choice based on our needs and wants

o To learn from practice

o Discovery

o Increase epistemology and my wife’s

o Explore mine and my wife’s beliefs

o Accommodate and find congruence of our beliefs

o Explore how our personality styles affect our decisions

o Meaningful data

· Who am I doing it for?

o My wife and I and my children’s future

· What are my motivations?

o Discontent with existing circumstances

o Belief that UK society and our values are becoming incongruent

§ Drugs, crime, and violence

§ Too many immigrants scrounging from the state

§ Refute or reinforce our beliefs

o Government policy

§ Health, services, and education

§ economics

o Poor climate in UK

o Immigration

o Cultural erosion

o Pace of life

· What approach and why?

· What plan is in my head? (driven by strong beliefs that there are other countries better than the UK)

· What are my biases?



Description of problem situation (iteration in red)

My reason for detailing the root definition and CATWOE here is that this is more of an overall description of our perceived problem - below I will show recursion of root definition and CATWOE for each relevant system

Root Definition

A system owned, managed and operated by my wife and I, to identify a country mutually desirable. A country that we find congruent with our beliefs as the first stage of creating a better future for my family

CATWOE

Customers ~ My family & children

Actors ~ My wife & I

Transformation ~ locate a mutually desirable country

Worldview ~ create a better future for my family

Owners ~ My family

Environment ~ poor/non-appreciation of EU laws; geological

issues; cultural issues of other countries; climatic considerations through out Europe.

Project Identity/ Purpose

As the root definition implies this is a ‘system owned by my wife and I to purchase an affordable plot of land in a country identified as being mutually desirable’ To summarise this is an initial investigation that forms part of a meta-investigation to move abroad with the intention to buy land that can be farmed viably to sustain my family in all it’s food needs and eventually to become as self sufficient (renewable energy, recycling water etc.,) as possible and hopefully create a market for produce.



The outcomes of the project will be a model that will enable both qualitative and quantitative comparison of our conceptualised framework of the UK. For the client (my wife), and myself the outcome will be a fuller appreciation of the implications of such a move/venture and a reduction in the uncertainty that it brings.



From the above unstructured problem situation implied by the synoptic root definition and CATWOE above it is obvious that there is a strong need to identify an synoptic activity sequence to give me a general direction that is inline with the approach adopted, this is illustrated in figure 1 below.

Activity 1

A reflective framework was set out by the reflection before action/question detailed on page . This though was iterated on and emergent through E’s.



Activity

This came in the form Gantt chart, a copy of which is below, again here it was iterated on as I progressed.

Activity ~ Rich Pictures, issues and tasks � Stage 1a

My rich picture (figure below) gave me many insights as to the possible content of the situation and the possible relative systems this content would be modelled within. With some long and very difficult reflection � the feeling of being unproductive - I drafted many systems maps until I was finally happy with the sub sets I had created (figure below). I find it difficult to call something finished and as a result I consciously began to set time limits on activities, reflecting before on issues like level of detail and defining the purpose on an individual task. Identifying my perceiver style through signals I have learned to identify like worrying about neatness and if I have missed something moving it toward the judgment pole in an effort to keep inline with my plan � accommodation was required.

I found it quite difficult to keep track of the changes to the plan and activity sequence and tended to ignore them to my own detriment � time scales got all out of control and I began to get in a mess � I needed a method for my method � things began to come together, though in a scary and very divergent manner. My strong skew towards the perceiver pole (MBTI) seems to keep me ploughing through hoping I would get to the high ground. This systems map seemed to allow a mental divergence which was a relief.

Fig. 1 Synoptic Activity Sequence Model to create system to identify a country that is mutually desirable to my wife and I. (iterations in red)



Rich picture



Systems map fig

Relevant Systems - Stage 1b

From the rich picture and systems map I formulated relevant systems. Due to low level of mine and my wife’s epistemologies relative to the relevant systems there was the need for a lot of discussion and research.

Here I new I would waste time as most of my searching would be done on the World Wide Web, to help control this (reflection-before-action) I drafted a search tracker (see appendix 1), part of one of my E’s.

I needed to confirm that I/we were not unusual in any way in selecting what we had as relevant systems, for this we formulated a simple questionnaire (see appendix ) having 0 candidates form various backgrounds to take part � the finding were generally congruent with ours the systems we had chose to model. Figure 4 below � method diagram 1 outlines what was needed to do � practically an appreciative system which leads to the ability to model the influences and their magnitude of our family.

Each of the relevant systems detailed in figure 4 � method diagram 1 - were treated as mini SSM in duality with learning model, there is far too much to include here but get a general feel appendix shows the recursive dimensions that were applied to each of the relevant systems.

Root Definitions � Stage . Conceptual Models � Stage



Appendix illustrates root definitions CATWOE creation for each relevant system along with and some very useful E’s, also you will see more specific rich pictures, systems maps and influence diagrams We arrived at criteria that was qualitative and which would become part of our personal belief system relative to our needs, wants and worldview/values.

What also emerged was the fact that we could not make a decision to move to another country on beliefs etc alone. Now we had established what was important to us as a family we needed to quantify as many of the qualitatives as possible and at the same time I needed to make my wife aware of what, how and why I was about to change the approach, for the time being the SSM was on hold……



Method dia 1 �fig 4



The integration of HSM into the inquiry

The necessity for adopting the hard approach was explained above and my approach in practice is detailed in appendix 4. Here again the reflection-before-action ion page was reflected on and I kept in mind the need for meaningful data. My reflection was also turn to the HSM approach � this was not my preferred approach � and a revision of the conceptual model that represent it.

Referring to the HSM model in appendix 4



· Activity A - the problem was a need for objective data to refute on confirm our beliefs or at least identify need for accommodations ect.

· Activity B � I discussed the needs with my wife and we created a potential system definition.

· Activity C � there was no need for an in depth definition of the problem we had generally covered what our problem was � we needed confirmation through sourcing as much real data as possible

· Stage 1 � our current state was where we were up in the SSM part of the inquiry, which in essence was that we knew our beliefs; we had found the magnitudes of influence, and what influences affected our family most and through the various diagramming we had all the content attributes we were liable to need to create a quantitatively measurable model.

· Stage - Our perceived future state was that of an relatively easy to use quantitative model that would assist us in the decision making process from an objective perspective that also enabled some of our beliefs to be incorporated.

· Stage - The hows to get there, due to our need and my epistemology of hard type models leads me to believe that an MCA would be the best fit.

· Stage 4 - I will know when I have got there when I have metrics that can used harmoniously with other countries, that is a level of measurable congruence. This was done through lengthy data searching on the WWW to establish such metrics and by rigorous iteration of the desired metrics � again another learning model

· Stage 5 � this in reality can only be achieved through participation and further use of the model with countries that I believe to be extremes against our beliefs.

In appendix 5 I have included a completed MCA for the UK for the 5 high level characteristics and the attributes my wife and I found to be of relevance to our decision � again this is as far as I have managed to get.

Conclusion, further work and reflection

In order to complete the inquiry I need to bring both SSM and HSM together and do further iteration as to the overall relevance of the data and full utilization of the approach to satisfy both myself and the method � I feel what I have began is a bit of a methodology. Concentration and practical reflection of the E’s I have detailed in both the SSM and HSM. My preferred style is very hard to accommodate and I never do well on time limits/dead lines � I am working on that again through conscious use of E’s.

Further to this I would like to bring the 5 main characteristics together and iterate intensely how the affect each other from different levels � moving the boundaries and then introduce VSM once I had mastered the model in The personal context has not involved many stakeholders but the stakeholders involved (see appendix 6) are affected to quite a high degree. This choice of a situation is my preferred style, though this was not a conscious decision. I really enjoy systems and wish I had more time and a less hectic life style utilize it, next year I will be able to use my skills to help me with S16 environmental Science � thanks for your support.



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A Discussion of the Internet Privacy

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Who Will Protect Them?

The Internet has been shaping American society more than anticipated. From personal communications to public services, from trade to politics, the Internet is almost everywhere in our society. People are increasingly dependent on the Internet for their information and activities. While it brings enormous advantages to the society, the Internet also produces lots of concerns about privacy.

Jacob Weisberg raises this ethical issue timely in the article “A Banner Year.” Aristotle Publishing is a political firm. It maintains up-to-date voter lists and sells them to campaigns for use in various kinds of voter targeting. Aristotle also developed an Internet application. It cross-referenced its voter information with data collected by portals, Web sites, and Internet service providers. Such sifted information was used by both Bush and McCain’s campaigns to target voters of special interests in the 000 elections. With regard to Aristotle’s practices, Weisberg asks an ethical question “Should a person, by virtue of registering to use a certain Web site, become the involuntary recipient of political propaganda?”

Giving personal information is unavoidable in our society. Anytime one applies for credit card, has medical service, or visits certain Web site, information about this person is collected and stored. But, there is no doubt, people have the expectation that their information will remain confidential when they provide it, and they are unhappy to see their information become a commodity for sale. In this paper, I will try to answer the question raised by Weisberg from two ethical theories, namely Kantian and Utilitarian points of view.

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Before we evaluate Aristotle’s practices, let us take a moment to review the essence of Kantian ethical theory and the Act Utilitarian theory.

Kant “removed moral truth from the zone of contingency and empirical observation and placed it securely in the area of necessary, absolute, universal truth.” Instead of proposing that our ideas and moral values are contingent on an external reality independent of our knowing, Kant claimed, “objective reality is known only insofar as it conforms to the essential structure of the knowing mind.” “Morality’s value is not based on the fact that it has instrumental value…rather, morality is valuable in its own right.”

Kants ethics centers in his categorical imperative (CI) “ ‘Act as if the maxim from which you act were to become through your will a universal law’. He elaborates You must act ‘as though the maxim of your action were by your will to become a universal law of nature,’ analogous to the laws of physics. He gives this as the criterion by which to judge all other principles. In Kant’s view, “categorical imperatives are the right kind of imperatives, for they show proper recognition of the imperial status of moral obligations. Such imperatives are intuitive, immediate, absolute injunctions that all rational agents understand by virtue of their rationality.”

In order to be successful moral principles, they need to survive another test, which is referred to as the principle of ends. Kant explained, “ ‘So act as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end and never as merely a means.’ Each person qua rational has dignity and profound worth, which entails that he or she much never be exploited or manipulated or merely used as a means to our idea of what is for the general good (or to any other end).”

Here we have the criteria to make a judgment on social behaviors from Kant. In terms of Aristotle’s practices, we will check if it can pass the Ends Test. (Does it involve violating the dignity of rational beings?) We also need to check if it can pass the Categorical Imperative Test. (Can its practices be universalized?)

By examining Aristotle Publishing’s practices, a Kantian theorist would argue that Aristotle is terribly wrong since it is obvious that the company fails to pass the two tests formulated by Kant. By selling the voters’ information, Aristotle exploits the voters as means towards its own profits � the ends. The voters are treated as hot commodity, and their privacy is stolen. Their dignity is violated. Besides, Aristotle’s practices cannot be universalized. If everyone is involved with the business of selling someone else information, the data would become trivial. The data sold by Aristotle are valuable because they are personal. They are people’s privacy. Anyway, Aristotle’s practices cannot survive the tests, and it is morally wrong.

However, a utilitarian theorist would oppose the aforementioned view. There are two types of utilitarianism act- and rule-utilitarianism. I will use an act utilitarian point of view to evaluate Aristotle’s practices.

Act-utilitarianism can be defined in this way “An act is right and only if it results in as much good as any available alternative.” Calculations may be needed to determine whether Aristotle Publishing is right.

There are two ways to calculate the good. The first one is hedonistic view. It is a scheme invented by Bentham for measuring pain, pleasure, and the good. It is as simple as that Maximize the good. “Simply make quantitative measurements and apply the principle impartially, giving no special treatment to ourselves or to anyone else because of race, gender, or religion.” The other is eudaimonistic view, and was invented by John Stuart Mill. It defines the utility in terms of certain types of higher-order, such as intellectual, aesthetic, and social enjoyments. The hedonistic view shall be used here.

In calculating the utility, an act utilitarian theorist would conclude that Aristotle’s practices are absolutely right. It is evident as the quantitative scores show.

By selling the data, the company could make profits. It gets a pretty high positive score. After Bush and McCain’s campaigns got the data, they could better target the voters. It was very helpful for the campaigns. Another good positive score we can get. Even for those targeted voters, it might be good for them due to Aristotle’s act. Some impassive voters might be drawn to the political process, and to fulfill their civic duties. A good score can be gotten as well. Adding them together, the final score is good enough to surpass any negative score coming from the unhappiness of the voters concerning about their privacy.

Responding to this utilitarian argument, a Kantian theorist would tell him, “The only thing that is absolutely good, good in itself and without qualification, is the good will.” Even though Aristotle’s practices produce a high score, it cannot prove that it is right. Success is not good in itself. In our view, Aristotle does not have good will on the individuals. This company uses them as means to make profits, exploit them, intrude their privacy, and violate their dignity. Aristotle’s practices are so morally wrong.

Which view is right? There is no a definite answer to that. Different people would draw different conclusions to this case based on their different ethical stands and values.

I do not totally agree with Kant’s ethical theories. It is hard to perceive his formula for an absolutely good will and his assumption that our ideas and moral values are independent of the external environment. But I do support the Kantian approach to evaluating Aristotle’s practices.

As we hail the Internet’s many bright possibilities to “enhance the democratic process and encourage the robust and open political discussion,” some have observed that, people’s fears about the intrusion of information privacy not just in the commercial world, but also in the political realm. The growing debate about political privacy primarily lies on two issues. The first concerns the fairness of the on-line campaigning. As Weisberg points out, there is a big TV-Internet disclosure disparity. As a result, “Web companies not only have ability to provide diabolically precise demographic targeting to political campaigns, they can also make such offers exclusively.” If, say Yahoo, offers its inventory of Iowa Republicans to candidate A at a good price, it would be unfair to the other candidates. Since the fairness issue is not the focus of this paper, I will turn to the second concern � political privacy. Specifically, the concern about the increasing use of personal information by political campaigns to target their messages and conduct their campaigns. Just like what Aristotle Publishing does, it might have discouraging effect because of people’s fear of intrusion of their privacy, and it more talks about an ethical problem.

Generally, we have the tendency to control the information that is available about ourselves. We do not like other people knowing certain things about us, such as age, income, marriage status, health condition, etc. We call this “privacy.” What if we were in a society in which people do things without the benefit of seclusion? What is we were in a society in which there is no privacy of the individuals? What if we were in a society in which people have no informational privacy? Hopefully these questions can stimulate our thinkings of what it is that legitimates privacy claims “once we agree that people tend to feel vulnerable about granting access to their bodies or revealing facts concerning their intimate lives, we must also agree that they are entitled to avail themselves of the

conventions of privacy and so reduce this sense of vulnerability to others.”

Privacy is important to us. Privacy has always been treasured by civilized individuals. “It has been described as the kernel of freedom and as the most basic right from which all other freedoms stem. It has been held to be the most comprehensive of all rights.”



To preserve individuals’ privacy is a hallmark of a civilized society. Although political campaigns are fights to win, citizens’ dignity should be honored, and their privacy should not be intruded. At the end of this paper, we should call for more scrutiny over the conducts of some Web companies who disregard the privacy of individuals. Since there is a general aversion to government’s regulation over the Internet, who is capable of defining the Internet privacy policy, and who will protect the individuals from the intrusion of their privacy?

Bibliography

1.Buchholz, Rogene A, “Internet privacy Individual rights and the common good,”

SAM Advanced Management Journal, Vol. 67, 00

.Bruening, Paula “Is Online Profiling Doing More Harm Than Good

for Citizens in our Political System?”

.Pojman, Louis P, Ethics, Discovering Right & Wrong, (Belmont, CA

Wadsworth/Thomson Learning)

4.Solove, Daniel J, “Privacy and power computer databases and metaphors for

information privacy,” Stanford Law Review, Vol. 5, 001

5.http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=814465

6.http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=815054

7.http//slate.msn.com/toolbar.aspx?action=print&id=68180

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The Loss of Personal Contact in the Workplace

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In the past 15 years the way office work is accomplished has been reformed. Technological advancements enable instant communication between distant points. What is taken for granted today was unimaginable twenty years ago. With new ideas presented daily and developments on existing technologies increasing quality it is easy for people to slip into the habit of virtually no face to face contact except with those who work physically near them. These new developments have many advantages. Among them are better efficiency, cheaper communication and more contact between parties. With such benefits one may think it best not to look a gift horse in the mouth, and just accept changes without question. Others object that the loss of personal contact means less not more control for managers as it is easier to mislead with today’s technological approach than yesterday’s face to face one. Both parties are right to a degree, as both means of interaction have their own advantages and disadvantages. The deciding factor over which form is better is different in each scenario as it depends which elements one is looking for to get out of said interaction.

The benefits of multiple communication options are widely accepted today. Many workplaces fund cell phones and mobile internet to enable employees to be in constant contact with work if necessary. At the same time e-mail and facsimile transmissions are considered vital office resources. Such assets save time by allowing faster access to information that may be required to complete tasks. This can reduce stress on an employee as it enables him or her to finish assignments faster, and benefits the organization he or she works for by improving productivity. The more subtle disadvantages of technology are clear when one examines the volume of work received through such media when compared to the volume that came through more traditional methods in the past. The amount of e-mail received in the average worker’s inbox daily is unthinkable when one translates that into hard copy. Such mountains of paper were not delivered daily to workers prior to the internet age. Clearly the ease of sending and receiving information through buttons has gone to some people’s heads. Most e-mail users have had to learn to filter the relevant information from the useless at an unprecedented level. Due to this stress levels frequently increase despite the actual work going faster. As well, the ability to be in constant contact with work may cause more stress if a person feels compelled or is expected to check in outside of what is considered normal work times. Another disadvantage of the information age is the ease unscrupulous workers have in misleading employers, or less frequently the reverse. With call forwarding to cell phones and synchronization of work and laptop computers possible people find it easier than ever to play truant to work. It requires ever more vigilant management techniques to keep such people in line.

With the recognized disadvantages evident it becomes clear why some organizations are supporting a return to the traditional face to face meeting. While not doing away with communication technology certain situations are acknowledged to need a personal touch. Examples of such situations frequently include interviews, firings and important decisions. The reasons for direct interaction are varied. On some occasions it is best to have an accurate reading of people’s reaction to news or a discussion. Such intuitive necessity is much easier to achieve in person where body language and facial expressions give a lot of hints that would be missed over the telephone. On other occasions it is considered impolite or disrespectful to convey information in any way other than directly. A common example would be when an employee is being terminated. Yet another reason for using the most direct form of communication deals more with personal emotions than anything else. Employees who feel loyalty to their jobs and company are more likely to perform to the best of their abilities. If all interaction between an employee and his or her work is electronic said loyalty is more likely to dissipate than if the employee has frequent and positive contact with the people around and above him or her.

Overall offices have benefited from a wider range in choice for communication options. The ones who have benefited the most from technological advancement are those who were selective with their use of it. By accepting that not every situation calls for the most modern choice possible an employee is able to save time when needed while maintaining quality of service where necessary. Both personal and electronic communications have significant advantages over the other. For this reason neither is better in general, yet one is always better than the other in specific circumstances.

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Wednesday, 16 May 2012

IPO'S Initial Public Offers

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I. What is an IPO?


An Initial Public Offering (IPO) is basically a company’s first sale of equity to the public, generally in the form of shares of common stock, through an investment-banking firm. The stocks are sold in the primary market at a determined price and then are subsequently sold in the secondary market. This process transforms the company from a private to a public firm. IPO involves the stock from a young and oftentimes little-known company. But occasionally well-known and well-established firms do go public.


Most of the companies go to the Stock Exchange to finance their expansion of manufacturing or service capacity or marketing activities that have an immediate impact on earnings. On the other hand, star-up companies also use IPOs as a layer of working capital.


IPOs help to create a public market for the company’s shares, providing desired liquidity to existing owners as well as supplying necessary funding.


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II. Why do companies issue an IPO? ADVANTAGES


Companies issue an IPO to go public and to raise new capital. Some other reasons are


• Achieve liquidity and diversification for current shareholders


• Enhance the firm’s image


• Increase company’s financial base (equity financial flexibility)


• Retain and attract key work force through “Stock Option Plans”


• Expand operating capacity


• Create a negotiable instrument


• Take advantage for new business opportunities


• Make further acquisitions


Besides the above-mentioned reasons companies prefer to go public because they can raise capital at a lower price through an easier way than the private firms.


The correct execution of an IPO results on an injection of capital that will support the growth of the company in the long term, but failure in the execution of an IPO could yield the company into bankruptcy.





III. Why companies don’t want to issue an IPO? DISADVANTAGES


Companies choose to stay private because they don’t want to share their profits. Other important reasons are


• Companies don’t want to be accountable to public shareholders


• High expenses involved in an IPO


• Time involved in the preparation of reports to the Regulator


• To maintain the control of the company (avoid dilution of ownership)


• Avoid to disclose “secret” information


• Pressure to pay dividends


• Market pressure to perform short-term


Given the volatility of stock markets and the length of time required to issue an IPO, companies have to be prepared in order to issue an IPO. It will depends on the company’s strategy, financing requirements, expected growth, the companies willingness to comply with the Regulators requirements.


IV. UNDERSTANDING THE IPO PROCESS


The first step for the company is to hire an investment bank. The investment bank, also known as the Underwriter, will act as the advisor and the distributor. Underwriting is the actual process of raising capital through debt or equity. After hiring the investment bank, the company has to discuss, negotiate and agree with them, the amount of capital needed, the type of security to be issued, the price of the security, any special features of the security, and the cost to the firm to issue the securities. If they can agree on these things, the investment bank will act as the middleman between the company and the general public.


There are two different types of agreements between the investment bank and the company


1. The Firm Commitment the investment bank agrees to purchase the entire issue from the company and then re-offer them to the general public. With this type of agreement, the investment bank has guaranteed to provide a certain amount of money to the company. The risk of the issue falls entirely upon the investment bank. If it fails to re-sell the amounts of securities it purchased, the investment bank still has to pay the agreed upon sum of money to the company.


. Best Efforts Agreement the investment bank agrees to sell the securities for the company but does not guarantee the amount of capital raised by the issue.


. All or None Agreement the investment bank agrees to do its best to sell the entire issue under a certain date. All of the proceeds go to an escrow account, if the securities are not sold all at the certain date, the money is returned to the purchasers and the issue is cancelled.


The next step is to comply with the Act of Full Disclosure. This is the Securities Act of 1. The investment bank will file the registration statement with the SEC. This registration statement must contain a description of the business raising the money, biographical material on the officers and directors of the company, the amount of shares each insider (officers, directors, and shareholders owning more than 10% of the securities) owns, complete financial statements including existing debt and equity securities and how they are capitalized, where the proceeds of the offering are going (use of funds), and any legal proceedings involving the company including strikes, lawsuits, antitrust actions, copyright/patent infringement suits, all for the present time period or if they are aware of impending or future actions.


After the investment bank on behalf of the issuing company files the registration statement, the SEC requires a Cooling Off Period. During the Cooling Off Period, the issue is considered as “In Registration”. During the Cooling Off Period, the SEC will investigate and make sure that full disclosure has been made. Nevertheless, assuming the issue is approved by the SEC, the stock will be offered to the general public. This date is the “Effective Date”. If the SEC does not approve the issue, a Letter of Deficiency is issued. The letter of deficiency will notify the company what was wrong. Thus, the effective date will be postponed.


During the cooling off period the investment bank will try to drum up interest in the issue. They do this by distributing a “Preliminary Prospectus”, also known as a Red Herring because of its red printing across the top and in the margins. The investment bank pays for the printing of the red herring. The red herring acquaints the general public with the company, it contains the information from the registration statement including a description of the company, a description of the securities to be issued, the companys financial statements, the companys current activities, the regulatory bodies overseeing the company (if any), the nature of the companys competition, who the management of the company is, and the use of funds from the issue. The public offering price and the effective date are not contained in the red herring. These two things are not known during the cooling off period. Generally, the public offering price is determined on the effective date. That way, the issue can be prices in accordance with current market conditions.


During the cooling off period the investment bank may not provide any other information to its clients other than what is contained in the red herring. They cant provide research reports, recommendations, sales literature, or anything from any other firm about the company. They can only provide the client with the red herring.


If the investment banks client is interested in the issue, the client (general public) will give his stockbroker (working for the investment bank) an Indication of Interest. The stockbroker cant take an order for the issue from the client. All the client is allowed to do is indicate that he is interested. The higher the indication of interest is from clients, the better for the offering. In fact, it will probably aid the investment bank in making pricing decisions.


Before the effective date the investment bank have a Due Diligence meeting with the company. They will iron out any last minute things, which have come up. And they will make sure that there are no material changes, which have taken place between the registration date and the effective date. Due Diligence is an ongoing process for the underwriter.


Once the effective date arrives, the security can be sold and money collected. Also, the Final Prospectus is issued. This will be very similar to the red herring. Except it will have the missing numbers for the public offering price and the effective date filled in. It also wont have any red writing on it.


Then an Underwriting Agreement (UA), a contract which establishes the relationship between the corporate issuer of the securities and the underwriter is signed. After that, the Dealer Agreement is signed too. The dealer agreement or selling agreement is the contract in which securities dealers, are contracted to purchase some of the securities from the issue.. The Dealer Agreement or selling agreement will allow these dealers to purchase the securities at a discount from the offering price in order to fill order they may have gotten after the effective date from their clients.


The underwriters and dealers get paid out of the proceeds of the issue offering. The public offering price is what the general public pays. This is the amount on the face of the prospectus. However, the issuing company receives a lower price than that from the managing underwriter this difference is called the Spread. The amount of the spread is determined through a negotiation between the managing underwriter and the corporate issuer. The managing underwriter also receives a fixed amount for each share, which is sold. This is referred to as the manager’s fee.


http//www.e-analytics.com/ipo/bplan8.htm


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Tuesday, 15 May 2012

Ethical Issues Analysis

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Abstract


The medical field has developed in an extraordinary way over the past few decades. It has been helped by the enormous progress in technology and computer science that have vastly extended the possibilities of experimentation on human beings. These experiments have led to many saved lives and have lengthened our average life spans. But are some medical researchers pushing the envelope too far? In the article Sham Surgery, a doctor uses a very controversial “placebo” technique in trying to help a patient with Parkinson’s disease. In another article, The World Seen From Rome, the Pontifical Academy for Life states its commitments in biomedical work. The articles serve as examples of how some researchers push the limits of accepted ethical medical research, while others create guidelines in hopes of preventing researchers from crossing over ethical research boundaries. This analysis will discuss the ethical issues raised in the articles, the effect these issues have on the research process, and our opinions regarding the issues.


Ethical Issues Discussed in the Articles


The push for science and technology to work with each other rather than against one another is continuing. The advent of certain unethical practices is determined to rear its ugly head in this high-tech field. One such practice is called “sham surgery”. This type of surgery is a form of a “placebo” effect for patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease (Health Week, 00). It consists of the doctor explaining a procedure of implanting fetal brain cells into patients with severe Parkinson’s disease to see if there are any changes or effects. The patients involved in this study are all willing participants of the research. This however brings up some other issues of ethical practices. The participants pass up the risks involved in hopes the practice works. Dr. Ruth Maklin from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in NY stated that, “performing a surgical procedure that has no expected benefit violates ethical and regulatory principles” (Health Week, 00).


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Another approach we are examining is a campaign for more humanized medicine. The article The World Seen From Rome brings to light the unethical use of implanting embryonic cells to benefit the life of another human being. Letting the reader know that this form of “medicine” may even be a result of disposing of or destroying the embryo (Zenit, 00). The Pontifical Academy for Life clearly states that “when technology is not used within a precise ethical framework, or for the good of all men, or if benefits are achieved for some to the detriment of others, that technology is morally objectionable (Zenit, 00).


Effects of Issues on the Research Process


There are two main schools of thought on the ethical implications of the “sham surgery” research process. One is that the surgery should abide by the gold standard of research design, that risks to the subjects in research be minimized (Health Week, 00). The other is that the risk to the subject in the research process justifies the outcome of potentially helping thousands of patients by knowing whether the procedure works (HealthWeek, 00).


The effect that the ethical research view of the Pontifical Academy for Life has on embryonic research is that they have launched a campaign deeming it unacceptable to sacrifice a human subject in any stage of development even to obtain something good (Zenit, 00). The group, representing the Catholic Church, believes medical research should be based on the principle of “moral goodness”.


Opinions Regarding the Issues


Medical research and treatment must be done ethically. Doctors owe patients a full explanation of any procedures they plan to perform on them. In Sham Surgery, the patient was told of a procedure that consisted of drilling four holes in the skull cap and inserting fetal cells on the brain mass. But during the surgery the surgeon only drilled the holes. He never inserted the fetal cells onto the brain mass. The doctor was relying on a placebo effect to make the patient feel better. The patient was participating in an experiment of which he was unaware. Team C believes it is unethical to perform surgery on humans without first fully explaining the procedure. Humans should not be used as “lab rats”.


Team C agrees with the Pontifical Academy for Life position that “science and technology must serve the human person, fully respecting his dignity and rights” (Zenit, 00). However, we have mixed opinions on the use of embryonic cells in medical research. Some of our team believes there may be a greater good from the use of embryonic cells, while other team members disagree. The Catholic Church’s positions concerning ethics are not accepted by everyone; however, some rules do need to be established. We do not need any modern day Dr. Frankenstein’s.


References


HealthWeek Online (00). Behind the Headlines Sham Surgery. PBS Online. Retrieved


April 8, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.pbs.org/healthweek/trendsec_.htm


Zenit News Agency (00). ZENIT � The World Seen From Rome. Innovative Media,


Inc. Retrieved April 8, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.zenit.org/english/visualizza.phtml?sid=68





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HOW EFFECTIVELY DID IAN McKELLEN’S FILM OF RICHARD III INTERPRET THE MAIN CONCERNS OF SHAKESPEARE’S PLAY?

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Richard III is a tale of royal intrigue and one man’s lust for the power of the British throne. It is updated from 15th century costume drama to a 10’s political thriller. McKellen’s film interprets the main concerns very effectively. McKellen attacks the title role and shows Richard as an extremely evil character. The film also portrays the main characteristics of relationships between characters for example the loyalty and betrayal. Manipulation is also a key element in the play.


McKellen as an actor and director showed Richard to be the epitome of evil. His capacity and relish for evil causes viewers to almost doubt his sanity. Richard of Gloucester dreams, schemes and murders his way to the top in the dark society put before us. McKellen serving as the film’s narrator and commentator instantly suited this troubled world. His narrations often showed him as a severely unhinged character, as he often had a menacing look on his face. McKellen’s narrations are often of Richard’s intentions and plans and is a mechanism of foreshadowing events. McKellen said “Richard, the consummate liar, always speaks the truth to the audience, but only to them. That is meant to be disarming for an audience because they alone are privy to what he intends to do, and they become accomplices (in) his schemes.” This was effective mechanism for drawing the audience in and getting them to feel uneasy about what Richard was doing. The contrast between Richard’s character and the big band swing music played throughout the film is effective in creating the mood of Richard. Although he is unnervingly evil, he takes pride in this quality and enjoys working towards what he wants. The music works alongside him delving further into his capacity for evil; it portrays the enjoyment he reaps as if having people murdered is like a hobby. The train also works in showing Richard’s extreme villainy, the whistle being a symbol of the pain victims and people close to them feel. An example of this is when Rivers is murdered while with a Pan-Am air hostess. The hostess lets out an ear piercing scream which is continued by the ear piercing sound of the train whistle.







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Monday, 14 May 2012

Compare the ways in which the authors use for, structure and language to convey the search for individual identity in ‘The Color Purple’ and ‘ The Catcher in the Rye’

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The protagonists’ search for their individual identity in ‘The Color Purple’ and ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ is conveyed through the author’s portrayal of their disrupted childhood (with focus on society, sexuality and gender), emphasised by use of form, structure and language.


Both novels are written in first person narrative, in order to create a bond of realism between the protagonist and the reader, providing a direct insight into the identity of both Celie and Holden. Walker employs use of the epistle form to demonstrate a key facet of Celie’s identity; it allows an earnest insight into the girl who is in desperate need of communication and to this end finds letters her only form of relief.


“Celie, in her letters, writes herself into being”


This idea conveys the strength of male oppressors who formed the dominant figures in Afro-American history and in order to gain recognition women had to write their existence through personal letters or diaries, as their lives were not documented by the male driven society. This is reflective of Celie’s life, as she cannot find comfort in talking and possibly cannot bring herself to verbally convey the severity of her abuse, therefore finding solace only in her writing.


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The opening letters are addressed directly to God, suggesting a powerful religious influence over Celie’s life. These epistles form a plea in which Celie questions the course of her life stating;


“Maybe you can give me a sign letting me know what is happening to me.” 1


This indicates that Celie’s life is full of doubt and confusion, reinforced by the entire opening letter, which depicts acts of sexual abuse and neglect, instantly evoking sympathy form the reader.


Use of the epistle form allows Walker to confront time constraints in which only the significant aspects of Celie’s life are forwarded. However, more importantly, Walker is also able to introduce a second narrative viewpoint in the form of Nettie’s letters. These letters allow the novel to contain multiple narratives that run parallel, each exposing a struggle for identity. Nettie’s letters also help educate Celie in her historic background, as they reveal the origins of Afro-American culture and its relevance on their society. This suggests that in order to discover one’s true identity, it is important to be rooted in the knowledge of how the society in which you live has been moulded.


Contrasting to Walker’s novel, Salinger’s “The Catcher in the Rye”, is written in chapter form. The linear narrative form allows Salinger to convey the incessant flow of consciousness that forces the progress of the novel, allowing for tight time and place constraints, resulting in a fast paced exposition of protagonist’s life.


Holden’s idiosyncratic nature allows for the repetition of such phrases as;


“If you want to know the truth”


This phrase is suggestive that Holden is a known liar, which is later confirmed by Holden himself. However, in an attempt to assure the reader that he is telling the truth, he inadvertently casts a shadow of doubt over the reliability or his narration. It is suggested that Holden is able to manipulate a situation that may hold one meaning but blur the details so that it conforms to his pessimistic view of society.


“The Catcher in the Rye” follows the protagonist’s exploration of key events in his life that lead to his inevitable breakdown. The entire novel is written from a retrospective stance in which Holden challenges or faults some of his actions over the crucial period leading to his climatic downfall. Within the progress of the novel, Holden often digresses into flashbacks of his childhood. These periods convey Holden’s desperate need to restore his childhood, as it provides comforting emotions in which he feels protected form the world. (Needs elaboration)


The form of each name in both novels plays an integral part in exposing the symbolic identity of each character. “Holden Caulfield” can hold various connotations, each revealing an element of the character, “Holden”, for example, could represent the desire to cling or “hold-on” to his childhood and state of innocence. “Caul” is the term given to the protective membrane enveloping the foetus thus emphasising the character’s over-powering aspiration to retain a state of purity and virtue. “Field” is representative of the Rye fields in which Holden mentally assumes the position of protector to all children in hope of shielding them from the adult world he fears so much.


“James Castle” is another name within the novel that holds symbolic significance. A “Castle” is a mighty fortress within which a kingdom is governed by the morals and ideals of it’s resident. This is symbolic of the high ideals held by the character and also ironic as he plunged to his death from a window set at great height.


“Phoebe”, when traced back to it’s roots means “Shining” and therefore, indicates her importance in Holden’s life as she personifies his guiding light, rooting him in reality and creating a sense of comforting knowledge.


As within “The Catcher In the Rye”, “The Color Purple” also contains many names with symbolic reference. “Shug Avery” for example represents a powerful influence over Celie. “Shug”, possibly short for ‘Sugar’, suggests something sweet and is reinforced by Celie’s mental and sexual attraction to her. “Avery” is a house for birds and is suggestive of the imagery of flight, which is reflective and also suggests Shug’s influence over Celie’s wish to escape the confines of her dominated life and establish her independence.


Celie constantly refers to her husband as “Mr____”. In dehumanising the character Celie is able to detach herself from their relationship; it is suggestive that Celie does not view him as a human being with emotions but simply as a dominant force in her life. It is not until the introduction of Shug Avery into the novel do we discover that “Mr____’s” real name is “Albert”. By addressing Mr____ on a personal level as “Albert”, Shug establishes herself on a parallel with men, thus showing her lack of fear of female repression. It is not until Celie’s liberation at the end of the novel that she acknowledges her husband as human and allows herself to use his name. This is due to Celie’s newly established sense of freedom and equality, in which she no longer views herself as an inferior being.


Each novel is carefully structured and could be broken down into three movements. Each movement conveys different aspects of the characters identity, foreshadowing the conclusion. Salinger’s novel could be dissected into the different areas of Holden’s experiences, starting with his life at Pencey Prep, leading to his experiences in New York and finally his inevitable demise.


Holden’s depiction of his life at Pencey Prep suggests that he is an isolationist. Whilst the entire school was at a football game Holden retired to Thomsen Hill, alone. His feelings of confusion lead him to believe he does not belong in a society that he believes is “phoney”, as it does not live up to his ideals of expectations.


“Salinger’s intent is to present us with the plight of the idealist in the modern world” 4


This suggests that Holden has an inability to cope with the harsh realities of the modern world, therefore establishing false ideals to which he believes his life should be governed, which eventually lead to his demise. This movement also conveys Holden’s rejection of education, as he willingly fails his subjects with no remorse.


“I was flunking four subjects and not applying myself at all”


This relaxed attitude suggests that Holden is complacent in failing to achieve an education, suggesting that education produces the “phoney” people that he despises so much. Conversely to Holden’s situation, male oppressors, who did not believe women needed an education and therefore retracted them from school, enforce Celie’s isolation. It was believed in such slave orientated societies that the woman’s place was serving their husband, and consequently Celie was forced into a pre-arranged marriage.


The second movement of “The Catcher in the Rye”, consists of Holden’s sexual escapades in New York. This period shows Holden’s hesitant transition from childhood to adulthood. Holden is faced with the desire for sexual fulfilment, and on various occasion is confronted with the opportunity, however he is thwarted by his dubious feelings that suggest sexual adventure is the final barrier between the two worlds he is currently deciding between. He is confronted with the harsh reality of adolescence, destroying his images or purity and innocence, projecting him towards his mental breakdown.


“Holden’s excitement is the excitement of the fantasist he is embarking on a dream which is both universally adolescent, and built into contemporary American mass-culture… the offer of unbelievable possibilities of sexual adventure and satisfaction”5


This suggests that Holden is excited by the prospects of sexual interaction, however, he is conforming to the reality of peer pressure, caused by media, of the importance of sexual experimentation. In following this trend, Holden falls into the “phoney” world he is so desperate to avoid, thus causing great mental pressure, enhancing his forthcoming breakdown.


Similarly to this, Celie’s sexual nature plays a key part in revealing her identity. Her views towards sexual intercourse are stale, stating that she allows Albert to “do his business”1. Her attitude towards sexual encounters could be a result of the sexual abuse she encountered as a child, forever scarring her perception of sexual intercourse. However, it is in this movement that Celie’s sexual feelings are liberated through Shug. Celie’s obsession with Shug started with simple idolisation, as she has never encountered such a dominant, outgoing female before. However, this adoration becomes rooted in sexual emotions, “I love looking at Shug”. Once Celie gets past the confusion, this new form of exploration becomes emancipating, and Celie’s life is able to form direction.


The third movement of “The Catcher in the Rye” reveals Holden’s final breakdown; the cumulative effect of the events that lead him on his misadventures. Holden consciously reverts to a state of childhood comfort in which he draws on characters such as his brother Allie.


“I’d make believe that I was talking to my brother Allie”


This regression is the conclusive movement to the novel, however there is no sense of resolution to the story line, it simply depicts that gradual decline in mental stability of the protagonist. This leaves the reader contemplating the true nature of Holden’s degenerative state, providing many questions surrounding the perception of society and its effect.


Conversely to Salinger’s degenerative story line, Walker’s novel has a positive finale in which the protagonist achieves a sense of liberation and fulfilment. She has progressed in her search for identity throughout the novel, leading her to a state of equality in which she is able to confront her male oppressors; shown through her use of the name “Albert” throwing aside the term “Mr____” in a triumphant realisation of her individual identity.


Symbolism plays a substantial part in revealing depths of the protagonists’ identities. “The Catcher in the Rye “ contains relevant symbolism such as Holden’s red hunting hat. This hat represents the unusual nature of Holden’s personality, as he has to wear it in a particular way, however he is very conscious of wearing it. This represents the contradicting nature of Holden, mirroring his pessimistic, reclusive nature balanced against his overwhelming need for a sense of belonging.


Moreover, Holden’s obsession with the question about ducks in Central Park;





“Do you happen to know where they go, the ducks, when it gets frozen over?”


This question reveals the childlike nature of Holden, as well as his lack of education. Consequently, his fixation with this particular question is a clear indication of his declining mental stability, an act of regression to his childhood, and is a key motif running throughout the novel.


“The Color Purple” also holds many symbolic references such as the colour “Purple” itself. To Celie, purple represents strength and royalty, as it is an unaffordable colour whilst Celie is under oppression. Purple is commonly associated with richness and holds many regal connections, therefore Celie believes that Shug should wear this colour’


“She like a queen to me, so I say to Kate, somethin purple”1


This implies that Celie worships Shug as a powerful, untouchable being, however, Celie later makes clothes for herself and shug, each containing purple, thus showing the levelling of the two characters as equals. Purple is also the colour of bruises and is therefore symbolic of the repression and immense cruelties that Celie has faced in her life. However, it is through embracing these events and viewing them as violations of her individuality that Celie is finally able to break free of her dictatorship.


“Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender”6


This is suggesting that the colour “purple” is representative of feminist movements, an element of nature that can evoke great strength and liberation.


Quilting is a symbolic reference that runs throughout “The Color Purple”. Celie makes quilts along with her other female characters as a form of mental escape. This is representative of Afro- American slave culture as woman often gathered to produce quilts in order to buy their freedom. This idea is encouraged through the novel, as it is through her sewing that Celie is finally able to gain her independence, both physically and financially. The epistle form in which “The Color Purple” is structured mirrors this motif of quilting. As the novel progresses, the epistle begin to form the story of Celie’s life, adding more and more information and exposing Celie to different characters and events that gradually lead to her final emancipation, reflected by the use of sewing to gain that sense of freedom.


The use of language in each novel provides key insights into the identity of each character. Celie’s use of language is basic and often crude, conveying her lack of education. Words such as “titties” and “pussy” are often used in a context that would usually require more dignity. The use of such language also echoes the colloquial nature of her language. Due to her lack in education Celie’s use of language and grammar when writing her letters, is limited, conveying a sense of ignorance and naivety. Sentences are often short with no grammatical structure, and written phonetically, for example she spells “get” as “git”. The use of phonetic spelling emphasises her language barriers and mirrors the society and culture in which she lives. However, through the perseverance of her writing, her grammar and spelling later becomes more coherent with correct use of hyphens and exclamation marks, showing her educational progress.


Holden also makes use of colloquial language such as “chew the fat”, meaning to lie consistently and “helluva”, an abbreviated term for “hell of a…” meaning a lot of. However, Holden’s use of colloquialism is not through lack of education but through choice. Holden has a broad vocabulary and is able to make use of words such as “unscrupulous” demonstrating his clear understand of the English language, it is also ironic that English was the only subject Holden was not failing at school. The ability to combine such colloquial and adult terminology once again reinforces Holden’s sense of unbalance in his adolescence.


Holden’s use of the term “phoney” suggests a world in which people are false suggesting the notion that all adults lie, creating a false persona to which Holden does not agree, however contradictory of his own nature. His overwhelming desire not to fall into this “phoney” environment is depicted through his use of language. Holden’s idiosyncratic nature allows him repetitive use of phrases such as “it really is” showing a subconscious need to reinsure himself that he is staying true to his ideals.


“He would like us to believe that he is a paragon of virtue in a world phoniness but that simply isn’t the case”7


Such a cynical outlook on life forces great pressure on Holden to maintain his sense of value and innocence, nevertheless Holden often conforms to the social mores that he scrutinises so frequently, propelling him to his gradual mental lapse.


Salinger and Walker are both able to explore the search for identity within each of their central characters. Their similar use of structure and language effectively conveys the effects of society, colour, sexuality and gender in determining ones individual identity. Although each author adopts different forms for their novel, each chooses a first person narrative, in order to communicate clearly the personal opinions and emotions of their protagonist. Although Walker chooses a traditional resolution to end her novel, whilst Salinger leaves his novel with an open ending, it is the quest for identity that is the central motif throughout each novel that is clearly conveyed through extensive use of form, structure and language.





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Russeau and Origin of Inequality

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French political philosopher and educationalist Jean-Jacques Rousseau attempts to answer what is the origin of inequality among men in his “Discourse of the Origin of Inequality”. This document seeks to show how the growth of civilization corrupts mans natural happiness and freedom by creating artificial inequalities of wealth, power and social privilege. Rousseau states that primitive man is equal to his fellows because he can be independent of them, but as society becomes more sophisticated, the strongest and most intelligent members of the community gain an unnatural advantage over their the other, and the constitutions set up to rectify these imbalances through peace and justice in fact do nothing but enable them.


Rousseau frequently refers to man before the growth of civilization living in a Utopia where man lies at the foot of trees and lives according to nature. He realizes that this Utopia is an abstraction, and claims that natural inequality does not exist in nature, as Plato states in his description in his temperate city. Yet, this perfect and natural society is not a human city-it is the life of sows. Furthermore, where man is living according to nature, like in Rousseau’s temperate city, there is no injustice�therefore, there is no justice.


When speaking of enslavement and freedom, Rousseau claims that enslavement comes through the politi, or the city. From the politi comes an enslavement to pleasures which then leads to the enslavement of people. Rousseau also links freedom to self- control, for when one gives up freedom, he or she becomes enslaved. In other words, when we give into our desires, we are no longer free and we become enslaved to them. Yet, in every enslavement there lies beneath a misunderstanding of oneself, for according to Rousseau, man is free by nature.


For Rousseau, the problem of freedom is related to self-understanding, and he poses that by nature, man has no reason. Rousseau thinks that man should reason himself back to a natural state because he realizes the injustice and inequalities in society. However there is a flaw in this argument which lies in the fact that in a natural state, reason does not exist. In other words, if one uses reason to go back, one can’t go to a state where there is no reason. Here, Rousseau is creating an optical illusion where he is asking one to work back, but it is logically impossible.


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In his thoughts on heath and sickness, Rousseau claims at the end of sickness comes an implosion of the body. He also makes a correlation between the city and the body, which in his view, are very much alike. In nature, sick animals are not kept alive; rather, they just die. In the city however, sick people are kept alive through medicine, which causes people to not be fully alive and not fully dead�a jump from our natural state. Sickness exists only in the political realm, and it is important to note that when we keep alive the sick, we are also keeping alive the sickness. Rousseau also asserts that the way humans react to sickness is wrong, for we keep alive those who should be dead. Medicine can only aid in the process of heath and can never heal a person, for only nature can heal a wound.





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