my essay

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Enrolling in Empire State College has been the greatest choice I ever made. It was back in the fall of 00 that I became a student at the College on recommendation by Prof. Blanco Diaz at Technical Career Institutes (TCI). TCI as a technical college offers associate degrees in computer technology, refrigeration, networking, and electrical engineering amount others. Prof. Diaz recommended me that achieving my associate at TCI and transferring to a SUNY college was the quickest way to qualified for a bachelor degree program. When I enrolled at Empire, my goal was target for the area of computer science. The first person I had the honor to talked with about my area of study was Prof. Wendy Ford who’s’ guide dance has help me a lot towards the achievement of my dream.


At the beginning I felt a little confuse because I was attending for the first time on my life a “non-traditional college” in which one on one were the primary method of study. In a way this technique makes me very happy, but in the other hand it makes things a bit tougher when a topic was not quite clear. I have designed my degree plan in conjunction with my mentor Prof. Ruth Goldberg to reflect my knowledge and achievements in the area of Mathematics, Science and Technology, with a concentration in computer science.


My studies and experience in the science and technology area has been of great interest since my childhood. I began learning about computers at a very young age. I have always passionately pursued knowledge in technology its history, techniques, and improvements. It was back in 15 when I got my first computer donated by my High School (William Cullen Bryant H.S.) to teenagers with interest in this technology. About the same time, I started to read books about how to program in languages like COBOL, Basic and C that existed at the time. By the time I wrote my first computer application I was a young adult, I became so exited about programming that I decided to buy a compiler to start programming at a more advance level and learn the new techniques that were been release in the internet and in newsgroups.





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The effects of sin on society

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The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde is the story of moral corruption by the means of aestheticism. In the novel, the well meaning artist Basil Hallward presets young Dorian Gray with a portrait of himself. After conversing with cynical Lord Henry Wotton, Dorian makes a wish which dreadfully affects his life forever. If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that I would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole world I would not give! I would give my soul for that (Wilde 10). As it turns out, the devil that Dorian sells his soul to is Lord Henry Wotton, who exists not only as something external to Dorian, but also as a voice within him (Bloom 107). Dorian continues to lead a life of sensuality which he learns about in a book given to him by Lord Henry. Dorians unethical devotion to pleasure becomes his way of life. The novel underscores its disapproval of aestheticism which negatively impacts the main characters. Each of the three primary characters is an aesthete and meets some form of terrible personal doom. Basil Hallwards aestheticism is manifested in his dedication to his artistic creations. He searches in the outside world for the perfect manifestation of his own soul, when he finds this object, he can create masterpieces by painting it (Bloom 10). He refuses to display the portrait of Dorian Gray with the explanation that, I have put too much of myself into it (Wilde 106). He further demonstrates the extent to which he holds this philosophy by later stating that, only the artist is truly reveled (10). Lord Henry Wotton criticizes Basil Hallward that, An artist should create beautiful things but should put nothing of his own life into them (Wilde 5). Ironically, the purpose of Basil Hallwards existence is that he is an aesthete striving to become one with his art (Eriksen 105). It is this very work of art which Basil refuses to display that provides Dorian Gray with the idea that there are no consequences to his actions. Dorian has this belief in mind when he murders Basil. Here we see that the artist is killed for his excessive love of physical beauty; the same art that he wished to merge with is the cause of his mortal downfall (Juan 64). Lord Henry Wotton, the most influential man in Dorians life, is an aesthete of the mind. Basil is an artist who uses a brush while Wotton is an artist who uses words There is no good, no evil, no morality and immorality;there are modes of being. To live is to experiment aesthetically in living to experiment all sensations, to know all emotions, and to think all thoughts, in order that the selfs every capacity may be imaginatively realized (West 5811). Lord Henry believes that, it is better to be beautiful than to be good (Wilde 15). Although he attests that aestheticism is a mode of thought, he does not act on his beliefs. Basil Hallward accuses him saying, You never say a moral thing and you never do a wrong thing (5). However, Lord Henry does take the immoral action of influencing Dorian. Although Lord Henry states that, all influence is immoral (Wilde 18), he nonetheless drastically changes Dorian Gray. As Dorian acts on the beliefs of Lord Henry, the portraits beauty becomes corrupted. Lord Henry presents Dorian with the tenants of his New Hedonism, whose basis is self-development leading to the perfect realization of ones nature (Eriksen 7). If Lord Henrys aesthetic ideas have validity ,Dorian Grays portrait should not become ugly, but rather more beautiful. Since the picture becomes loathsome, it is evident that Lord Henrys beliefs are untrue (West 5811). Dorian becomes so disgusted with the horrible portrait that he slashes the canvas, and the knife pierces his own heart. Because Lord Henry is responsible for influencing Dorian Gray, he is partly the cause of the death of Dorian (5810). While Lord Henry is indirectly the cause of Dorians death, he too causes his own downfall. Lord Henry changes Dorian with the belief that morals have no legitimate place in life. He gives Dorian a book about a man who seeks beauty in evil sensations. Both Lord Henrys actions and thoughts prove ruinous, as his wife leaves him and the remaining focus of his life, youthful Dorian Gray, kills himself in an attempt to further the lifestyle suggested to him by Lord Henry. Eventually, he is left destitute, without Dorian, the art he so cherishes, because he tried to mold it, as dictated by aestheticism. Of all the protagonists, Dorians downfall is the most clearly recognized. A young man who was pure at the beginning of the novel becomes depraved by the influence of Lord Henry. He grew more and more enamored of his own beauty, more and more interested in the corruption of his own soul (Bloom 11). He begins to lead a life of immorality, including the murder of his dear friend Basil Hallward. There were moments when he looked on evil simply as a mode through which he could realize his conception of beautiful (Wilde 16). However, there is still a spark of good left in Dorian. He lashes out at his twisted mentor, Lord Henry, declaring, I cant bear this Henry! You mock at everything, and then suggest the most serious tragedies (17). This trace of goodness is not enough to save Dorian, for he has crossed too far towards the perverted side of aestheticism and cannot escape it. Dorian experiments with himself and with men and women, and watches the experiment recorded year by year in the fouling and aging corruption of his portraits beauty (West 5811). Dorian becomes so disgusted with this portrait of his soul and his conscience, that he slashes the canvas, killing himself. For Dorian, this is the ultimate evil act, the desire to rid himself of all moral sense. Having failed the attempt to escape through good actions, he decides to escape by committing the most terrible of crimes. Aestheticism has claimed its final victim. Basil Hallward is what I think I am Lord Henry what the world thinks of me Dorian Gray what I would like to be - in other ages, perhaps (Hart-Davis 5). Because of the endings he creates for these characters, Oscar Wilde proves that he does not envisions himself in the immoral characters of this story nor is he attempting to promote their lifestyles. Of all the characters whom he creates, he sees himself as Basil, the good artist who sacrifices himself to fight immorality. It was his beauty that had ruined him, his beauty and the youth that he had prayed for (Wilde 4). Contrary to Wildes claim in the preface that, there is no such thing as a moral or immoral book (vii), this novel has a deep and meaningful purpose. The moral is that an absence of spirituality, of faith, of regard for human life, separates individuals like Wildes Dorian Gray from humanity and makes monsters of them (West 581). W.H. Auden feels that the story is specifically structured to provide a moral. He compares the story to that of a fairy tale, complete with a princess, a wicked witch, and a fairy godmother. This leaves room for a moral with which good every fairy tale ends. Not only is the novel seen as existing on the pure level of fairy tales, but it is claimed to contain ethical beauty (Auden 146). The Picture of Dorian Gray is a novel including a moral dialogue between conscience and temptation that is powerfully conveyed. Though it is made to seem an advocate for aestheticism on the surface, the story ultimately undermines that entire philosophy. Wilde brings the question of to what extent are we shaped by our actions (6). He also demonstrates that art cannot be a substitute for life (Eriksen 104). It is a fantastic tale of hedonism with a moral to be learned and remembered. Works Cited Auden, W.H. In Defense of the Tall Story. The New Yorker. November 16. pp.05-06, 08-10. Bloom, Harold. Oscar Wilde. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 185. Ellman, Richard. Oscar Wilde. New york Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 187. Eriksen, Donald. Oscar Wilde. Boston Twayne Publishers, 177. Hart-Davis, Rupert. The Letters of Oscar Wilde. New York Harcourt, Brace and World, 16. Juan, Efifanio. The Art of Oscar Wilde. New Jersey Princetown University Press, 167. Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. New York Random House, Inc., 1. The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde is the story of


moral corruption by the means of aestheticism. In the novel,


the well meaning artist Basil Hallward presets young Dorian


Gray with a portrait of himself. After conversing with cynical


Order Custom The effects of sin on society paper


Lord Henry Wotton, Dorian makes a wish which dreadfully


affects his life forever. If it were I who was to be always


young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that I


would give everything! Yes, there is nothing in the whole


world I would not give! I would give my soul for that


(Wilde 10). As it turns out, the devil that Dorian sells his


soul to is Lord Henry Wotton, who exists not only as


something external to Dorian, but also as a voice within him


(Bloom 107). Dorian continues to lead a life of sensuality


which he learns about in a book given to him by Lord


Henry. Dorians unethical devotion to pleasure becomes his


way of life. The novel underscores its disapproval of


aestheticism which negatively impacts the main characters.


Each of the three primary characters is an aesthete and


meets some form of terrible personal doom. Basil Hallwards


aestheticism is manifested in his dedication to his artistic


creations. He searches in the outside world for the perfect


manifestation of his own soul, when he finds this object, he


can create masterpieces by painting it (Bloom 10). He


refuses to display the portrait of Dorian Gray with the


explanation that, I have put too much of myself into it


(Wilde 106). He further demonstrates the extent to which he


holds this philosophy by later stating that, only the artist is


truly reveled (10). Lord Henry Wotton criticizes Basil


Hallward that, An artist should create beautiful things but


should put nothing of his own life into them (Wilde 5).


Ironically, the purpose of Basil Hallwards existence is that


he is an aesthete striving to become one with his art (Eriksen


105). It is this very work of art which Basil refuses to


display that provides Dorian Gray with the idea that there


are no consequences to his actions. Dorian has this belief in


mind when he murders Basil. Here we see that the artist is


killed for his excessive love of physical beauty; the same art


that he wished to merge with is the cause of his mortal


downfall (Juan 64). Lord Henry Wotton, the most influential


man in Dorians life, is an aesthete of the mind. Basil is an


artist who uses a brush while Wotton is an artist who uses


words There is no good, no evil, no morality and


immorality;there are modes of being. To live is to experiment


aesthetically in living to experiment all sensations, to know all


emotions, and to think all thoughts, in order that the selfs


every capacity may be imaginatively realized (West 5811).


Lord Henry believes that, it is better to be beautiful than to


be good (Wilde 15). Although he attests that aestheticism


is a mode of thought, he does not act on his beliefs. Basil


Hallward accuses him saying, You never say a moral thing


and you never do a wrong thing (5). However, Lord Henry


does take the immoral action of influencing Dorian. Although


Lord Henry states that, all influence is immoral (Wilde 18),


he nonetheless drastically changes Dorian Gray. As Dorian


acts on the beliefs of Lord Henry, the portraits beauty


becomes corrupted. Lord Henry presents Dorian with the


tenants of his New Hedonism, whose basis is


self-development leading to the perfect realization of ones


nature (Eriksen 7). If Lord Henrys aesthetic ideas have


validity ,Dorian Grays portrait should not become ugly, but


rather more beautiful. Since the picture becomes loathsome,


it is evident that Lord Henrys beliefs are untrue (West


5811). Dorian becomes so disgusted with the horrible


portrait that he slashes the canvas, and the knife pierces his


own heart. Because Lord Henry is responsible for


influencing Dorian Gray, he is partly the cause of the death


of Dorian (5810). While Lord Henry is indirectly the cause


of Dorians death, he too causes his own downfall. Lord


Henry changes Dorian with the belief that morals have no


legitimate place in life. He gives Dorian a book about a man


who seeks beauty in evil sensations. Both Lord Henrys


actions and thoughts prove ruinous, as his wife leaves him


and the remaining focus of his life, youthful Dorian Gray, kills


himself in an attempt to further the lifestyle suggested to him


by Lord Henry. Eventually, he is left destitute, without


Dorian, the art he so cherishes, because he tried to mold it,


as dictated by aestheticism. Of all the protagonists, Dorians


downfall is the most clearly recognized. A young man who


was pure at the beginning of the novel becomes depraved by


the influence of Lord Henry. He grew more and more


enamored of his own beauty, more and more interested in


the corruption of his own soul (Bloom 11). He begins to


lead a life of immorality, including the murder of his dear


friend Basil Hallward. There were moments when he


looked on evil simply as a mode through which he could


realize his conception of beautiful (Wilde 16). However,


there is still a spark of good left in Dorian. He lashes out at


his twisted mentor, Lord Henry, declaring, I cant bear this


Henry! You mock at everything, and then suggest the most


serious tragedies (17). This trace of goodness is not


enough to save Dorian, for he has crossed too far towards


the perverted side of aestheticism and cannot escape it.


Dorian experiments with himself and with men and women,


and watches the experiment recorded year by year in the


fouling and aging corruption of his portraits beauty (West


5811). Dorian becomes so disgusted with this portrait of his


soul and his conscience, that he slashes the canvas, killing


himself. For Dorian, this is the ultimate evil act, the desire to


rid himself of all moral sense. Having failed the attempt to


escape through good actions, he decides to escape by


committing the most terrible of crimes. Aestheticism has


claimed its final victim. Basil Hallward is what I think I am


Lord Henry what the world thinks of me Dorian Gray what


I would like to be - in other ages, perhaps (Hart-Davis


5). Because of the endings he creates for these


characters, Oscar Wilde proves that he does not envisions


himself in the immoral characters of this story nor is he


attempting to promote their lifestyles. Of all the characters


whom he creates, he sees himself as Basil, the good artist


who sacrifices himself to fight immorality. It was his beauty


that had ruined him, his beauty and the youth that he had


prayed for (Wilde 4). Contrary to Wildes claim in the


preface that, there is no such thing as a moral or immoral


book (vii), this novel has a deep and meaningful purpose.


The moral is that an absence of spirituality, of faith, of


regard for human life, separates individuals like Wildes


Dorian Gray from humanity and makes monsters of them


(West 581). W.H. Auden feels that the story is specifically


structured to provide a moral. He compares the story to that


of a fairy tale, complete with a princess, a wicked witch, and


a fairy godmother. This leaves room for a moral with which


good every fairy tale ends. Not only is the novel seen as


existing on the pure level of fairy tales, but it is claimed to


contain ethical beauty (Auden 146). The Picture of Dorian


Gray is a novel including a moral dialogue between


conscience and temptation that is powerfully conveyed.


Though it is made to seem an advocate for aestheticism on


the surface, the story ultimately undermines that entire


philosophy. Wilde brings the question of to what extent are


we shaped by our actions (6). He also demonstrates that


art cannot be a substitute for life (Eriksen 104). It is a


fantastic tale of hedonism with a moral to be learned and


remembered. Works Cited Auden, W.H. In Defense of the


Tall Story. The New Yorker. November 16.


pp.05-06, 08-10. Bloom, Harold. Oscar Wilde. New


York Chelsea House Publishers, 185. Ellman, Richard.


Oscar Wilde. New york Alfred A. Knopf Inc., 187.


Eriksen, Donald. Oscar Wilde. Boston Twayne Publishers,


177. Hart-Davis, Rupert. The Letters of Oscar Wilde.


New York Harcourt, Brace and World, 16. Juan,


Efifanio. The Art of Oscar Wilde. New Jersey Princetown


University Press, 167. Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian


Gray. New York Random House, Inc., 1.





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Alibrandi-changing perspectives

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Alibrandi-changing perspectives. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Alibrandi-changing perspectives paper right on time.

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Looking for Alibrandi is a novel which mostly deals with the concept of emotional change. Through a number of characters, the author, Melina Marchetta demonstrates clearly the concept of change and changing perspective. A variety of events happen throughout the novel to these characters which influence their lives and change their perspectives. Through these events Marchetta shows that change and change of perspective can be triggered by certain events and experiences, it can be gradual, it is a natural part of growing up, every person faces their own perspectives and that adolescence is a time of rapid change.


A key event in the novel that changes Josephine Alibrandi’s perspective is the meeting of her father, Michael Andretti. Initially, before Josephine has never even met Michael, she resents him. She feels that he abandoned her mother while she was pregnant. When she first meets him however she gets the impression that he is intelligent and a decent human being, though she doesn’t make it known to him. After Josephine gets into a fight at school with Carly Bishop, Carly’s father threatens legal action. In the spur of the moment, Josephine says her father is a lawyer and he is called up and asked to come to the school. Unexpectedly, he arrives and the issue is resolved. As Josephine is walking along side her father, it is at this moment when she has a change of perspective. She likes the feeling of having a father figure. Marchetta has demonstrated that change can be triggered by singular events.


Michael Andretti also faces a similar change in perspective of his daughter. When Michael first discovers that Josephine is his daughter he says, “I do not want to see her. I do not want to love her. I do not want a complication in my life.” He is very negative and does not want to have anything to do with her. As the novel progresses, Josephine and Michael begin to bond together and enjoy each other’s company. Michael faces a change in his perspective on fatherhood. He is at first in denial and does not want anything to do with Josie, but as certain events unfold, he wants to become a big part of her life and get to know what he has missed out on. Michael’s change in perspective is a gradual one.


Another major change in perspective seen in the novel is Josephine’s view of her own identity. Initially, Josephine believes that her appearance and ethnic background is the determining factor in her social acceptance. She also believes that because she is at a wealthy school on a scholarship and has no father she is looked down upon. When Josephine is told by a teacher at her school, Sister Louise that she was actually voted school captain but was given the role of vice captain because they felt she lacked the leadership skills and that her and her friends are in fact trendsetters within the school looked upon with envy, she has a sudden change in perspective on herself. She has always lacked self esteem and was very conscious of what others thought of her, but now has realised she is actually one of the most popular girls in school which is a great confidence boost for her. At that moment, Josephine says, “I knew deep down that I was wrong and I think that my emancipation began at that moment.”


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Also on the theme of identity is Josephine’s culture and her change in perspective of it. This is a more gradual change than her the perspective on herself, though there is one particular event which really makes her think about her culture. John Barton’s death makes Josephine realise that her culture and her family is not so bad. She realises that others have it much worse than her. Eventually Josephine decides, “You can’t hate what you are apart of.” At first Josie thought that her background stopped her from being herself but later realises that her culture makes up who she is and that she cannot break free of it. This change in perspective is also shown through the annual “Tomato Day.” This is an expression of the Alibrandi family’s heritage. Initially Josephine is ashamed of her family’s yearly ritual and would hate it if anybody found out about it, but in the end states that she will always take part in it because it is part of her culture and her culture makes up her own identity.


Marchetta also demonstrates that having increased knowledge and knowing all the facts can bring about a change in perspective. A number of events occur in the novel, which illustrate this. A prime example is when Josephine discovers that her father, Michael Andretti did not run away from her mother, Christina because she was pregnant. Josephine had resented her father her whole life because she believed this was the reason, but she finds out he did not even know Christina was pregnant at the time when he and his family moved to Adelaide, in fact, he didn’t even know that he had a daughter until recently. This drastically changes the way that Josephine sees her father. Another example of a change in perspective due to increased knowledge is her perspective of her grandmother, known as “Nonna.” She discovers that she was in an arranged marriage to someone she did not know and that she fell pregnant with an Australian, Marcus Sanford. After gaining the facts, Josephine realises that her Nonna isn’t as bad as she had initially thought. She comes to realise that she is only human, and in many ways, as a young woman was similar to herself.


Melina Marchetta helps to shape our view on the concept of change and changing perspective through a variety of different events. It is demonstrated that change can be both a positive or negative thing and that every person faces their own changes throughout their lives. By showing change through a couple of characters, Marchetta also shows that change and changing perspectives can be dealt with in different ways by different people.





Please note that this sample paper on Alibrandi-changing perspectives is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Alibrandi-changing perspectives, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Alibrandi-changing perspectives will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Grey WolfShould we continue to fund the reintroduction of the Grey Wolf into Yellowstone National Park

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The Gray Wolf


Should We Continue To Fund the Reintroduction Program?


Do you remember the story of “The Big, Bad Wolf”? Or how Little Red Riding Hood barely escapes the cunning clutches of the wolf playing her grandma in disguise? How about the horror you felt as you saw the mild mannered man transformed before your eyes into the bloodthirsty werewolf during a full moon? These are the myths and legends that have been portrayed about the wolf and how they are a threat to human existence. They have been feared as clever, cold-blooded killers of babies, men and livestock. They have been hated and persecuted. In a battle of what seems to be good versus evil, they were shot and killed, tortured, doused with gasoline and set on fire. Their dens have been flushed out, their pups hit over the head and their food supply poisoned.


Custom Essays on The Grey WolfShould we continue to fund the reintroduction of the Grey Wolf into Yellowstone National Park


Because of the human compulsion to control nature and its environment, wolves became nearly extinct in the lower 48 states in the early 0th century. Today, many people believe that the elimination of the gray wolf was a grave mistake to the environment and the ecosystem. Subsequently, the American people have tried to make up for our ancestor’s mistakes. Programs like the reintroduction of the gray wolf to Yellowstone National Park, which is designed for the protection and restoration of endangered wildlife should be used for the preservation of the natural order of wildlife rather than domination over nature. We should scale back on the reintroduction program and allow nature to replenish the species. We should scale back on the reintroduction program and allow nature to replenish the species





In the early 1th century, the settlers that moved west severely depleted the population of deer, elk and bison. These animals were important prey for the wolves. Consequently, the wolves turned to the settler’s sheep and cattle. In order to protect their livestock, ranchers, with the help of government agencies, began a campaign to eliminate the wolves. According to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, “Bounty programs initiated in the 1th century continued as late as 165, offering $0 to $50 per wolf.”(pg. ) By the early part of the 0th century, wolves became nearly extinct in the United States. It was obvious that fear and hatred fueled the elimination of the gray wolf. It stemmed from a gross misunderstanding of wolves and their behavior. The myth that wolves are aggressive beasts, plotting to pounce on innocent victims is simply not the truth. In reality, wolves are illusive animals that keep to themselves. The wolf’s social structure is much like that of humans. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reports that “They live in family units called packs consisting of a set of parents, (the alpha pair) young pups and older offspring. Wolves begin mating when they are to years old, and in most cases they mate for life. They live in dens that are used year after year, only moving if danger is imemant. Their pups, usually up to 5 per litter, are born in early spring and are weaned after the first month then fed regurgitated meat brought by other pack members. The pups will reach maturity at 1 or years of age.” (pg. ) It is through the close relationship with older members of the pack that the young wolves learn how to live as adult wolves. As the environmentalist Charles Bergman points out, “Wolves are intensely social animals, living in packs that are structured in rigid hierarchies. In the chain of power each wolf has a defined place on a ladder of dominance and submission.” (1). Their parents and older brothers and sisters teach them not only how to


hunt, but what to hunt as well. They are taught at an early age to go after certain prey and leave other prey alone. “The wolf’s territory ranges in size from 50 to 1,000 square miles depending on the availability and seasonal movement of their prey. Packs use traditional areas and defend it from strange wolves. Their ability to travel over large areas to seek out vulnerable prey makes wolves good hunters.” (U.S.F.&W. ) The wolf’s distinctive howl is a form of communication. Biologists don’t know all of the reasons why wolves howl, but they do know that they do so before and after hunting, in the early morning and during the evening. It is believed that howling is one way that the pack warns other wolves to stay out of their territory.


Because the elimination of the gray wolf caused wide-spread overpopulation of deer, elk and bison and because of the increased awareness of the importance of their presence in the wild as the top predator in this region, the U.S. Congress passed the Endangered Species Act in 17, giving full protection to the gray wolf. In Section 151 of the Act, it is stated that “ the United States has pledged itself as a sovereign state in the international community to conserve to the extent practicable the various species of fish and wildlife and plants facing extinction.”(1-) In Yellowstone National Park, the overpopulation of deer, elk, and bison had a dramatic effect on the ecosystem of the park during the 10’s. According to Ed Bangs, Wolf Recovery Coordinator for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, “Every five or ten years, you’d have these big winter die-outs. You’d have elk herds with very high numbers that contained a lot of old decrepit, sick animals. So when you got a bad winter, literally thousands of them would just die from starvation.” (Bangs, Nova Online, 4) With the elimination of the wolf, so came the death and disease of thousands of ungulates (hoofed animals). Consequently, in 15 and 16, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, (the same organization that headed the elimination of the gray wolf in 10) reintroduced gray the wolves from Canada into Yellowstone National Park. In Canada, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service worked with local trappers and paid them $,000 for each wolf that was captured and radio-collared. Subsequently, in January 15, The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service released 14 wolves into Yellowstone after an acclimation period of 6 to 1 weeks. “This program is to reintroduce the gray wolf into the lower 48 states provides for more wolves to be relocated each year for the next three to five years.” (Begly 5)


Critics of the program have raised a number of concerns. Ranchers had great apprehension regarding the possible loss of their livestock. On an average between 15 and 18, 6 cattle, 80 sheep, and 4 dogs fell prey to the gray wolf in Yellowstone. (National Agricultural Statistics Service) There are other fears that concerned ranchers too. By ensuring the wolf’s survival, thousands of acres of land would be fenced off that is currently being used for grazing by their livestock. If a wolf breaks through the fence, there is limited recourse that the rancher’s may legally use if a wolf is caught killing a sheep or cow. Under the law, the rancher is allowed to kill a wolf if the act is witnessed. This rarely happens. However, there is also a plan in place by the U.S.D.F.&W that if a wolf has attacked livestock, it is moved one time. If it attacks again it is killed. Additionally, private organizations like Defenders of Wildlife, pledge to compensate ranchers for any livestock killed by wolves. According to a recent article written on behalf of the Defenders of Wildlife, their goal is to “shift the responsibility of wolf recovery away from the individual ranchers and toward the millions of people who want to see wolf populations restored.” (pg. 1 ) Since its inception in 187, the Defenders of Wildlife have compensated ranchers for the loss of livestock by wolves in excess of $10,000.00. It is their belief that when ranchers alone are forced to bear the cost of the loss of livestock due to the recovery effort of the wolf, it causes animosity and ill will which can lead to the illegal killing of the wolf.


In a recent lawsuit that was filed on behalf of the Ranchers by the American Farm Bureau, the U.S. District Court ruled that William Babbit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Director, “exceeded the authority of the Endangered Species Act when he launched the wolf reintroduction program.” The Farm Bureau tried to tell Babbit that, “bringing the gray wolves into the Yellowstone area posed a threat to area ranchers and their livestock.” Rick Krause, assistant counsel for the American Farm Bureau explains, “This is a major decision, in a sense tells the government and other people that you cannot do whatever you want to do under the Endangered Species Act.” The gray wolf is not threatened by extinction. What is threatened, however, is the livestock of western ranchers.” (V.O. Agriculture pg.1)


Another problem is the exorbitant cost of implementing the reintroduction program. According to the Fish and Wildlife Service, the estimated cost of the program to date is roughly $1,000,700. In a time of economic instability and budget cuts affecting medical care, housing and food, it is difficult to justify these expenses. If assurances could be made that this program would be successful, perhaps the cost could be more easily justified.


The difficulties in capturing and relocating wolves is challenging because of the wolves natural tendencies to try to go back to their natural origin. The solution was to pen up the relocated wolves until they got used to their surroundings. Ed Bangs, the Wolf Recovery


Coordinator explains, “We flew over the wolf pack or a radio collared wolf, then darted the wolves with an immobilizing drug. We put them in dog kennels that we’d established in a provincial park in Canada, fed them road kills and gave them water. We then flew them down to Yellowstone and kept them for about two months and then turned them loose as a family group. This is called “soft release”. This program has lead to the successful release of the gray wolf back into the park.


Because of the wolf’s elusive nature and strong ties that bind them to their own packs, all of these measures seem invasive and extreme. Today, the gray wolf is in no peril of extinction even though the number of wolves in the United States is dwarfed in comparison to the number of wolves in Canada and Alaska. In a Congressional hearing, Renee Askins, Executive Director of the Wolf Fund testified in favor of the reintroduction program. She said that “the restoration of wolves would not rescue us from our economic or ecological troubles, but neither will their presence contribute to them.” (pg. 16-17) She states that the significance in returning the wolf to Yellowstone resided in its power as a “deeply and profoundly symbolic act”. (17) She was quoted as saying to the House Committee on Resources


The story of this conflict is the story of how we view ourselves in relation to animals, whether we can replace the assumption of dominion” that has been so destructive to us and the natural world with a world view that recognized that we live in a state of reciprocity with the birds and the beasts � that we are not only the product of nature but also part of it. Our attitudes toward wolves


and our treatment of them cut to the very marrow of how we view our relationship to the natural world. (17)


If it is only our intention to “pat ourselves on the back” for realizing that our values had to change regarding the ecological stability of one of our National Parks, then the recourse doesn’t fit the protocol. Relocation denies the wolf’s natural tendency to seek out new territory when it’s own is overpopulated. Isn’t this perhaps a form of domination over the animal kingdom rather than reciprocity with it?


The majestic gray wolf, skillful predator at the top of the food chain, nurturing and kind family member, has been misunderstood and persecuted to the point of endangerment. Fear, hatred and the need to control this beautiful animal’s home created an environment in which slaughter was not only acceptable, but also advocated. It goes without say that we should bear the responsibility for the protection of these magnificent animals. However, awe and admiration that has replaced fear and hatred should not be replaced with the human characteristic of trying to control a species with invasive intervention. Human interference will only diminish the “wild” that the environmentalists strive to preserve. Federal funding will continue to encourage unnecessary intervention thereby inhibiting nature’s ability to heal herself. Federal funding should now be used for education and public awareness. We have attempted to put back the top of the food chain predator to the land from which we have eliminated them. We have done our part by reintroducing the gray wolves back to their natural habitat. Their future now looks promising. But we must step back and allow nature to do the rest.


Works Cited


Askins, Renee. Releasing “Wolves from Symbolism” Harpers April 15 15-17


--- Director of The Wolf Fund


Bangs, Ed. “Bringing Wolves Home” NOVA Online, Wildwolves. http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/bangs.html


Begley, Sharon with Daniel Glick in Alberta. “The Return of the Native” Newsweek Jan. , 15 5


Begman, Charles. “Wild Echos, Encounters With the Most Endangered Animals in North America” , New York McGraw Hill Publishers, 10


Defenders of Wildlife. The Bailey Wildlife Foundation, Wolf Compensation Trust


http//www.defenders.org/wildlife/new/facts.htlm


Carpenter, Betsy. “A Precarious Return of the Wolf” U.S. News and World Report Jan. 16, 15 1


Kelley, David. “Learning to Listen” The Voice of Agriculture/American Farm Bureau, Jan 10, 18


http/www.fb.org/view/listen.htlm


Blazejewski


Page


Work Cited


U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service “The Gray Wolf” June, 18. http//species.few.gov/bio/html


United States Department of the Interior Endangered Species Ace. 17. Section 151


National Agricultural Statistics Service. U.S. Department of Agrculture





The Gray Wolf


Should We Continue To Fund the Reintroduction Program?


Do you remember the story of “The Big, Bad Wolf”? Or how Little Red Riding Hood barely escapes the cunning clutches of the wolf playing her grandma in disguise? How about the horror you felt as you saw the mild mannered man transformed before your eyes into the bloodthirsty werewolf during a full moon? These are the myths and legends that have been portrayed about the wolf and how they are a threat to human existence. They have been feared as clever, cold-blooded killers of babies, men and livestock. They have been hated and persecuted. In a battle of what seems to be good versus evil, they were shot and killed, tortured, doused with gasoline and set on fire. Their dens have been flushed out, their pups hit over the head and their food supply poisoned.


Because of the human compulsion to control nature and its environment, wolves became nearly extinct in the lower 48 states in the early 0th century. Today, many people believe that the elimination of the gray wolf was a grave mistake to the environment and the ecosystem. Subsequently, the American people have tried to make up for our ancestor’s mistakes. Programs like the reintroduction of the gray wolf to Yellowstone National Park, which is designed for the protection and restoration of endangered wildlife should be used for the preservation of the natural order of wildlife rather than domination over nature. We should scale back on the reintroduction program and allow nature to replenish the species. We should scale back on the reintroduction program and allow nature to replenish the species


Blazejewski


Page


In the early 1th century, the settlers that moved west severely depleted the population of deer, elk and bison. These animals were important prey for the wolves. Consequently, the wolves turned to the settler’s sheep and cattle. In order to protect their livestock, ranchers, with the help of government agencies, began a campaign to eliminate the wolves. According to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, “Bounty programs initiated in the 1th century continued as late as 165, offering $0 to $50 per wolf.”(pg. ) By the early part of the 0th century, wolves became nearly extinct in the United States. It was obvious that fear and hatred fueled the elimination of the gray wolf. It stemmed from a gross misunderstanding of wolves and their behavior. The myth that wolves are aggressive beasts, plotting to pounce on innocent victims is simply not the truth. In reality, wolves are illusive animals that keep to themselves. The wolf’s social structure is much like that of humans. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reports that “They live in family units called packs consisting of a set of parents, (the alpha pair) young pups and older offspring. Wolves begin mating when they are to years old, and in most cases they mate for life. They live in dens that are used year after year, only moving if danger is imemant. Their pups, usually up to 5 per litter, are born in early spring and are weaned after the first month then fed regurgitated meat brought by other pack members. The pups will reach maturity at 1 or years of age.” (pg. ) It is through the close relationship with older members of the pack that the young wolves learn how to live as adult wolves. As the environmentalist Charles Bergman points out, “Wolves are intensely social animals, living in packs that are structured in rigid hierarchies. In the chain of power each wolf has a defined place on a ladder of dominance and submission.” (1). Their parents and older brothers and sisters teach them not only how to


Blazejewski


Page


hunt, but what to hunt as well. They are taught at an early age to go after certain prey and leave other prey alone. “The wolf’s territory ranges in size from 50 to 1,000 square miles depending on the availability and seasonal movement of their prey. Packs use traditional areas and defend it from strange wolves. Their ability to travel over large areas to seek out vulnerable prey makes wolves good hunters.” (U.S.F.&W. ) The wolf’s distinctive howl is a form of communication. Biologists don’t know all of the reasons why wolves howl, but they do know that they do so before and after hunting, in the early morning and during the evening. It is believed that howling is one way that the pack warns other wolves to stay out of their territory.


Because the elimination of the gray wolf caused wide-spread overpopulation of deer, elk and bison and because of the increased awareness of the importance of their presence in the wild as the top predator in this region, the U.S. Congress passed the Endangered Species Act in 17, giving full protection to the gray wolf. In Section 151 of the Act, it is stated that “ the United States has pledged itself as a sovereign state in the international community to conserve to the extent practicable the various species of fish and wildlife and plants facing extinction.”(1-) In Yellowstone National Park, the overpopulation of deer, elk, and bison had a dramatic effect on the ecosystem of the park during the 10’s. According to Ed Bangs, Wolf Recovery Coordinator for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, “Every five or ten years, you’d have these big winter die-outs. You’d have elk herds with very high numbers that contained a lot of old decrepit, sick animals. So when you got a bad winter, literally thousands of them would just die from starvation.” (Bangs, Nova Online, 4) With the elimination of the wolf, so came the death and disease of thousands of ungulates (hoofed


Blazejewski


Page 4


animals). Consequently, in 15 and 16, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, (the same organization that headed the elimination of the gray wolf in 10) reintroduced gray the wolves from Canada into Yellowstone National Park. In Canada, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service worked with local trappers and paid them $,000 for each wolf that was captured and radio-collared. Subsequently, in January 15, The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service released 14 wolves into Yellowstone after an acclimation period of 6 to 1 weeks. “This program is to reintroduce the gray wolf into the lower 48 states provides for more wolves to be relocated each year for the next three to five years.” (Begly 5)


Critics of the program have raised a number of concerns. Ranchers had great apprehension regarding the possible loss of their livestock. On an average between 15 and 18, 6 cattle, 80 sheep, and 4 dogs fell prey to the gray wolf in Yellowstone. (National Agricultural Statistics Service) There are other fears that concerned ranchers too. By ensuring the wolf’s survival, thousands of acres of land would be fenced off that is currently being used for grazing by their livestock. If a wolf breaks through the fence, there is limited recourse that the rancher’s may legally use if a wolf is caught killing a sheep or cow. Under the law, the rancher is allowed to kill a wolf if the act is witnessed. This rarely happens. However, there is also a plan in place by the U.S.D.F.&W that if a wolf has attacked livestock, it is moved one time. If it attacks again it is killed. Additionally, private organizations like Defenders of Wildlife, pledge to compensate ranchers for any livestock killed by wolves. According to a recent article written on behalf of the Defenders of Wildlife, their goal is to “shift the responsibility of wolf recovery away from the individual ranchers and toward the millions of people who want to see wolf populations restored.” (pg. 1 ) Since


Blazejewski


Page 5


its inception in 187, the Defenders of Wildlife have compensated ranchers for the loss of livestock by wolves in excess of $10,000.00. It is their belief that when ranchers alone are forced to bear the cost of the loss of livestock due to the recovery effort of the wolf, it causes animosity and ill will which can lead to the illegal killing of the wolf.


In a recent lawsuit that was filed on behalf of the Ranchers by the American Farm Bureau, the U.S. District Court ruled that William Babbit, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Director, “exceeded the authority of the Endangered Species Act when he launched the wolf reintroduction program.” The Farm Bureau tried to tell Babbit that, “bringing the gray wolves into the Yellowstone area posed a threat to area ranchers and their livestock.” Rick Krause, assistant counsel for the American Farm Bureau explains, “This is a major decision, in a sense tells the government and other people that you cannot do whatever you want to do under the Endangered Species Act.” The gray wolf is not threatened by extinction. What is threatened, however, is the livestock of western ranchers.” (V.O. Agriculture pg.1)


Another problem is the exorbitant cost of implementing the reintroduction program. According to the Fish and Wildlife Service, the estimated cost of the program to date is roughly $1,000,700. In a time of economic instability and budget cuts affecting medical care, housing and food, it is difficult to justify these expenses. If assurances could be made that this program would be successful, perhaps the cost could be more easily justified.


The difficulties in capturing and relocating wolves is challenging because of the wolves natural tendencies to try to go back to their natural origin. The solution was to pen up the relocated wolves until they got used to their surroundings. Ed Bangs, the Wolf Recovery


Blazejewski


Page 6


Coordinator explains, “We flew over the wolf pack or a radio collared wolf, then darted the wolves with an immobilizing drug. We put them in dog kennels that we’d established in a provincial park in Canada, fed them road kills and gave them water. We then flew them down to Yellowstone and kept them for about two months and then turned them loose as a family group. This is called “soft release”. This program has lead to the successful release of the gray wolf back into the park.


Because of the wolf’s elusive nature and strong ties that bind them to their own packs, all of these measures seem invasive and extreme. Today, the gray wolf is in no peril of extinction even though the number of wolves in the United States is dwarfed in comparison to the number of wolves in Canada and Alaska. In a Congressional hearing, Renee Askins, Executive Director of the Wolf Fund testified in favor of the reintroduction program. She said that “the restoration of wolves would not rescue us from our economic or ecological troubles, but neither will their presence contribute to them.” (pg. 16-17) She states that the significance in returning the wolf to Yellowstone resided in its power as a “deeply and profoundly symbolic act”. (17) She was quoted as saying to the House Committee on Resources


The story of this conflict is the story of how we view ourselves in relation to animals, whether we can replace the assumption of dominion” that has been so destructive to us and the natural world with a world view that recognized that we live in a state of reciprocity with the birds and the beasts � that we are not only the product of nature but also part of it. Our attitudes toward wolves


Blazejewski


Page 7


and our treatment of them cut to the very marrow of how we view our relationship to the natural world. (17)


If it is only our intention to “pat ourselves on the back” for realizing that our values had to change regarding the ecological stability of one of our National Parks, then the recourse doesn’t fit the protocol. Relocation denies the wolf’s natural tendency to seek out new territory when it’s own is overpopulated. Isn’t this perhaps a form of domination over the animal kingdom rather than reciprocity with it?


The majestic gray wolf, skillful predator at the top of the food chain, nurturing and kind family member, has been misunderstood and persecuted to the point of endangerment. Fear, hatred and the need to control this beautiful animal’s home created an environment in which slaughter was not only acceptable, but also advocated. It goes without say that we should bear the responsibility for the protection of these magnificent animals. However, awe and admiration that has replaced fear and hatred should not be replaced with the human characteristic of trying to control a species with invasive intervention. Human interference will only diminish the “wild” that the environmentalists strive to preserve. Federal funding will continue to encourage unnecessary intervention thereby inhibiting nature’s ability to heal herself. Federal funding should now be used for education and public awareness. We have attempted to put back the top of the food chain predator to the land from which we have eliminated them. We have done our part by reintroducing the gray wolves back to their natural habitat. Their future now looks promising. But we must step back and allow nature to do the rest.





The Gray Wolf


Should We Continue To Fund the Reintroduction Program?


Works Cited


Askins, Renee. Releasing “Wolves from Symbolism” Harpers April 15 15-17


--- Director of The Wolf Fund


Bangs, Ed. “Bringing Wolves Home” NOVA Online, Wildwolves. http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/bangs.html


Begley, Sharon with Daniel Glick in Alberta. “The Return of the Native” Newsweek Jan. , 15 5


Begman, Charles. “Wild Echos, Encounters With the Most Endangered Animals in North America” , New York McGraw Hill Publishers, 10


Defenders of Wildlife. The Bailey Wildlife Foundation, Wolf Compensation Trust


http//www.defenders.org/wildlife/new/facts.htlm


Carpenter, Betsy. “A Precarious Return of the Wolf” U.S. News and World Report Jan. 16, 15 1


Kelley, David. “Learning to Listen” The Voice of Agriculture/American Farm Bureau, Jan 10, 18


http/www.fb.org/view/listen.htlm


U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service “The Gray Wolf” June, 18. http//species.few.gov/bio/html


United States Department of the Interior Endangered Species Ace. 17. Section 151


National Agricultural Statistics Service. U.S. Department of Agrculture


Please note that this sample paper on The Grey WolfShould we continue to fund the reintroduction of the Grey Wolf into Yellowstone National Park is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Grey WolfShould we continue to fund the reintroduction of the Grey Wolf into Yellowstone National Park, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Grey WolfShould we continue to fund the reintroduction of the Grey Wolf into Yellowstone National Park will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Compare and contrast the way in which an individual firm and the industry determine there short run and long run outputs under perfect competition.

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Compare and contrast the way in which an individual firm and the industry determine there short run and long run outputs under perfect competition.. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Compare and contrast the way in which an individual firm and the industry determine there short run and long run outputs under perfect competition. paper right on time.

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The market system determines what, how and for whom goods and services are produced. The consumer determines what to produce. An increase in consumer demand will lead to a rise in price and producers will respond to higher price by raising production- to make more profits. Competition between producers determines how to produce- if they do not want to produce as cheaply as possible they will go out of business. For whom to produce is decided by prices in factor markets. Some people have high incomes because there skills are scarce and they can afford more resources.


Perfect competition (sometimes known as pure competition) is a theoretical type of market structure. It is primarily used as a benchmark in comparison with other market structures.


The structure of a market determines the behaviour and performance of firms that sell in the market. A real life example could be that fishermen and farmers often operate in perfectly competitive markets.


Main theories


Order Custom Compare and contrast the way in which an individual firm and the industry determine there short run and long run outputs under perfect competition. paper


Assumptions of Perfect Competition


• There are many firms each selling an identical product


• There are many buyers


• There are no restrictions on entry to the industry


• Firms in the industry have no advantage over potential new entrants


• Firms and buyers have complete information about the market


• Price taker


Since in perfect competition there are many firms selling a homogenous product no single firm can influence the market to a greater extent than any other, hence all firms must accept the market price for their product. They are price takers.


The Short Run and the Long Run


The short run under perfect competition is the period during which there is too little time for new firms to enter the industry.


• In the short run the number of firms are fixed. Firms could be making large or small profits, breaking even or making a loss.


The long run under perfect competition is the period of time which is long enough for new firms to enter the industry.


• In the long run the level of profit will affect the entry or exit of firms.


• Normal profit is the level of profit just sufficient to persuade firms to stay in the industry, but not high enough to attract new firms. This level of normal profit will vary from one industry to another.


• Supernormal profit is any profit above normal profit. If economic profits are being made new firms will be attracted into the industry in the long run. This will have the effect of increasing supply and reducing price and profit for those firms already in the industry. Economic profits will be completed away.


Output - the firm is making a profit over the output range 4 to 1 (TR TC). Profits will be maximized where marginal cost equals marginal revenue, this occurs at output . Whilst MR is greater than MC total revenue is increasing at a faster rate than total cost, thus profits will be increasing. After output where marginal cost is greater than marginal revenue, total cost is increasing more quickly than total revenue and therefore profits are declining.


Profit - at the profit maximizing output average cost (which includes normal profit) is below average revenue and therefore the firm is making supernormal profits equal to the shaded area in the diagram.


The firms short run supply curve will be its (short run) marginal cost curve. A supply curve relates quantity to marginal cost.


Long Run Equilibrium of the Firm


In the long run if typical firms are making economic profits, new firms will be attracted into the industry or existing firms will increase the scale of their operations. The industry supply curve will shift to the right, leading to a fall in price. Supply will go on increasing and price falling until firms are only making normal profits. This will be where the demand curve for the firm touches the lowest point of its average cost curve. This can be seen in the diagram below.





In the long run if the price falls below the average cost of producing the good (P), then firms will make a loss and will leave the industry. If firms leave the industry supply will decrease and the price will rise until firms are just making normal profit - that is where the demand curve touches the lowest point of the average cost curve. Therefore under perfect competition output will always tend towards this long run equilibrium.


Long run equilibrium is therefore where AR = MR = MC = AC


Shut Down Point


We can find the short run break even price and the short run shut down price by comparing the price with average variable total costs. Profit maximization occurs where MC=MR. Since the average total costs (ATC) includes all the relevant opportunity costs, this equilibrium is the short run break even point where normal profits (zero economic profits are being made). As the price falls the firm will carry on producing but be making below normal profit. However, if the price falls below the average variable costs then it will not be worth the firm producing any longer as they will be making a loss larger than their fixed costs. The shut down point therefore comes when average revenue is equal to average variable cost.





Please note that this sample paper on Compare and contrast the way in which an individual firm and the industry determine there short run and long run outputs under perfect competition. is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Compare and contrast the way in which an individual firm and the industry determine there short run and long run outputs under perfect competition., we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Compare and contrast the way in which an individual firm and the industry determine there short run and long run outputs under perfect competition. will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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a chance to change

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When I barely graaduated out of my middle school, I was fourteen. one stupid mistake has changed myself around. The mistake I made was the most common thing that students would make in high schools -Cheating- Luckily, this mistake didnt affect me in a bad way for my future; It made me realize how good to be a honest, hard-working student.


It all happened in the third quarter of the year, when the finals for all the subjects were coming. My World History teacher told us that we were going to have our last test before the final came. I told myself that I had to study and get an A on the test. But everytime I came home, I put down my backpack and changed my clothes, and as usual, I turned around back to the living room and watched my favorite show on TV; time were running. After the show, I showered and had my dinner, and I had forgotten the review of the World History that should have begun 4 hours ago. And like I always told myself, tomorrow would be different.


It was fast that days after days, till the night before the test, I hadnt even opened my textbook once. I am tired.That was the excuse I always use to run away from work. I set my clock alarm, and as I relaxed myself in my bed, I do not study I told myself, and that was how I usually did for the exams in the last two years. I didnt worry about a thing. I went to bed.


It was soon that Days after Days, till the day before the test, I hadnt even open my book. Tired, Tired; my mind was telling me how I felt everytime I wanted to study. The night before the test, i set on my alarm. It was just as usual as it should be, I do not study I told myself, and that was how I did my exams in the past tears. I went to bed.


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Then, it was 800 in the morning. The light shined on my face, I started worrying about the test. But it was too late for that. My history teacher had came to class, with many test papers that he was ready to pass to us. What can I do to get the A? I wondered. Something crossed my mind instantly; cheating, that might be bad but that was my only chance for me to get an A, or at least not to fail on the test. I started pullling the history book out of my backpack while others were putting them back in their backpack. I pretended that I didnt know what the rules were, what was a test. I opened up the page and put it in the drower, and acted like completely normal and innocent, so the teacher wouldnt suppect me of anything. As soon as I got the test paper, I was doing as fast as I could. I felt that my palm and my forehead was sweating, and I was afraid that the teacher would notice that. I read the text from the book under me, and put them to my test paper words by words. Finally, I did it.


I passed my test paper with a sign of relief. It felt great. It made me wanted to go out and dance. I wanted to laugh but I tried to pretend that I didnt do well like always. But all these happiness ended when the teacher called me out. I went up to the teacher with my body trembling. What could possible go wrong with the paper? I did a wonderful job on that, I thought. How can you get the exact same answer as the book? He asked. All of the sudden, my face went pale. I didnt know how to answer his question. My tongue tied and my mind went blanked. I heard his question again. I looked around, some of my classmates were sneering at me, some were pointing at me, others were just too busy to get out of the classroom without even knowing what happened. I was embarrassed and ashamed. And now, my face was red like the color of the sunset. After a while, the teacher wispered to me, Come with me, youre in trouble. Suddenly, I was afraid that he was going to call my parents, at that moment, I would rather to get expelled from school without my parents ever knowing how ashamed I was.


Fortunately, the teacher stopped at the corner of the stair. He turned around and faced me. I didnt want to face him eyes-to-eyes since I cheated on his test. He told me that I would get a F on the test, which was predictable. Then, he asked me why did I cheat on the test? I didnt answer, or maybe, I was just too ashamed of myself that I didnt want to answer a question like that. Then, he just called me to leave, and I felt like a sinful prisoner finally got out of the jail.


After I came home, I thought back all the things that had happened in the morning. It was scary for me, and also, ashamed. I didnt want to go to his class anymore, not even looked at him in front of his face. I felt tired, but this time, I didnt get into sleep. I started to think about what I was doing in these two years. Help me to revise it((All of the sudden, I saw the chance that I still had, I just had to do well in the final exam and that was all. So, instead of worrying about what had happened, I began to study for the finals.)) Everyday, I came home from school, I would go straight toward the desk and open the textbook. Days by days, I felt that I was ready for anything on the exam. I wanted to prove to my classmates who laughed at me when I cheated. I wanted them to know that I was better person, a smart guy that could do anything.


After the finals, the results came and I was placed on the third place of the whole class. I was so proud of myself and so as my parents. Even though some of my classmates claimed that I was cheated on the finals, I didnt care because the teachers also believed in me that I had changed myself around. I felt like what a good student should have felt like, proud of myself.





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The blac cat

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The story is about a nameless narrator that is in jail waiting to be executed the next day and he is telling about how he got there and the murder he committed


The author wrote this story in such a way that the events of the tale a little unclear. As the narrator begins to tell the story he says These events have terrified--have tortured--have destroyed me, the narrator then says ...some intellect more calm, more logical, and far less excitable than will own, will perceive ...nothing more than an ordinary succession of very natural causes and effects. This opening is unclear as to what happened. The author uses this to set pathos of the story and gain the reader’s interest.


The narrator in the story remains nameless and is described in detail. The narrator describes himself I was known for docility and humanity of ...disposition. My tenderness of heart... made me the jest of companions. I was especially fond of animals, and I was pleased to find a similar fondness for pets in my wife.” They had many pets including ...birds, gold fish, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat. Gut the narrator transforms through alcohol abuse to and evil person that despises animals and even his wife. The author uses the nameless narrator and describes him in detail to allow the reader to take the narrator’s situation and downfalls and apply it to themselves and to society and to show that all people have a dark side.


The narrator is also superstition and believes that Satan and witches assume the form of black cats. Because of his superstition he names the cat Pluto. The name Pluto is an allusion to Greek Mythology where Pluto was the god of the dead and the ruler of the underworld. The cat named Pluto then becomes symbolism of evil and death for the narrator. The author uses the allusion to set up the symbolism of the cat. The author then uses the symbolism of the cat to show the narrator’s dark side and the dark side of all humans.


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The author uses foreshadowing often in this story. Most of the foreshadowing comes at the beginning of paragraphs such as (one night, one morning, on the night of the day, etc.). The author uses this foreshadowing to keep the story moving and move the reader from one event to the other. Within the first few paragraphs of the story, the narrator foreshadows that he will violently harm his wife (At length, I even offered her personal violence.). The author uses the foreshadowing at the beginning of the story to catch the reader’s attention and to begin to present the theme of the dark side of human nature to the reader.


Before describing the events of the story the author writes Were the events an ordinary succession of very natural causes and effect? Then the narrator shows that he is superstitious and believes in the supernatural. Then after each of the event he makes references towards the events being both supernatural and natural. By using, three main events in this story (the apparition of the first cat on the burned wall, the appearance of the gallows-like pattern upon the chest of the second cat, and the discovery of the second cat behind the cellar wall), The author allows for both to be true leaving the interpretation up to the reader. Both interpretation though, still bring across the author’s theme of the dark side of human nature.





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Comparison

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Adam and Eve had a difficult decision whether to obey the rules or break them. Their decision of biting into that apple changed their destinies in a dramatic way. By choosing this path, consequences were faced. On the other hand, what if the two decided to follow their tracks that God had given them, how would things be different now? Whether or not on how one perceives themselves, life is taken by destiny. Does one become a bus and choose their own destiny, or is thee a train on tracks and sees where destiny takes thee?


In our societies today, people seem to be taking their destinies to a whole new level. They are taking more risks to get what they want, and are making that bus turn sharp. Although one can never be sure what lies before them, what makes it easier to take that route are the pros of whatever decision you are going to take. One looks forward to the reward or achievement. Making your own path comes with meeting new people, discovering new things, but most of all it is just a great learning experience.


Although people would do just about anything to succeed in life, there are some that just take it day by day- being a train on its tracks. Most who do just let destiny take its role however it may be. Whether it may be not wanting to meet others, taking risks or just plain fear of living life to the fullest; their lives would be lead by fate. One story that I am in the process of reading is The Giver. This book is like no other I have read before. It is a world of fixed tracks. Imagine a world where no one cannot feel any emotions or make any decisions on your own. As far as I am in the book, everything seems to be perfect. How is life lived without making mistakes and learning from them.


To me, everyone has a destiny. But I do believe that you can change your destiny if not pleased with it. The true definition of destiny is the future destined for a person or thing; fate or in other words it is the ultimate power that predetermines the course of events. At the age that I am including younger than I, are living our lives in a fixed trail. We are supposed to attend school to learn, and do whatever our parents tell us to do. Until about the age of where one begins to make decisions without help is where one can turn in any direction they please. When in school, one has the ability to think of what kind of life is wanted whether it consists of the future with many turns or fixed in one single direction. Without a doubt, at this moment I am beginning to make those wise decisions whether my life will be fixed or filled with turns, and hopefully with the decisions I make that will determine the destiny I will live.


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Thinking of our world today makes me wonder about tomorrow, a year, a decade, or a century later. I look back at what we did in the past and what we have accomplished as a race, a human race. It makes me realize what can happen in a matter of years throughout my life. Whether or not life can be made up in different ways one can only have one destiny. It could be a path where things may come easy or it may be the total opposite. There can be a few bumps in the road, but if there are not any mistakes along the way how would anyone learn anything. The best way to learn is from your own mistakes.





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Issue of hypocrisy between the younger and older generation in The Rivals

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Issue of Hypocrisy between the older and younger generations


in The Rivals


Whilst the issue of hypocrisy is rife in the Sheridan’s comedy and invariable evokes laughter even amongst the most serious of literary critics, one cannot help but feel that the inconsistency between the words and actions of both the older and younger generations of Sheridan’s characters, are more a tool of satire, rather than mere instruments to purely create humour and therefore, to generate laughter.


In his obviously satirical play on the social conventions of Georgian England, Sheridan derides the hypocrisy, as well as highlights the futility of authoritarian parental control and domination. He also decries the farcical display of insincere submission of members of the younger generation in their foolish attempts at manipulation of their elders as a tool of deception for personal gain.


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Most evidently, Sheridan exposes the hypocrisy of the older generatin in the light of their expectation of their young to conform to social norms, norms that they themselves are unwilling to conform to.





With regards to marriage, Sir Anthony Absolute tells his son Captain Jack Absolute that love is not a necessity and gives him a mere 6 and a half hours to consider and agree to marrying a woman of Sir Anthony’s choice; or suffer disownment and disinheritance,





“What the devil good can passion do! Passion is of no service, you impudent, insolent, overbearing reprobate!…I give you six hours and a half to consider of this if you then agree, without any condition, to do everything on earth that I choose… I may in time forgive you � If not… I’ll disown you, I’ll disinherit you…”


to which Jack says to himself ,


“I wonder what old wealthy hag it is that he wants to bestow on me! � yet he himself married for love…”


Similarly, in the area of courtship, the older generation also demand that the younger ones comply to the kind of restraint laid down by their elders. Yet, the elders are themselves unable to exercise the same kind of restraint that they impose on their young. Lydia’s aunt Mra Malaprop for instrance, hypocritically confines her niece in order to prevent her seeing Ensign Beverley. In this regard, Lydia Languish tells her cousin Julia Melville,


“…my whole connection with Beverley.. my aunt has discovered our intercourse.. and has confined me ever since! � Yet would you believe it? She has fallen absolutely in love with a tall Irish baronet.. She really carries on a kind of correspondence with him, under a feigned name…a Delia or a Celia.. Since she has discovered her own frailty, she is become more suspicious of mine.”


In the light of hypocrisy of the younger generation, Sheridan exposes their use of deception for personal gain. Jack manipulates his father to deceive the latter as to his real purpose for coming to Bath � to court Lydia, not the reason that Jack gives his father which is as a part of his military duty. Before Sir Anthony arrives, Jack says to himself,





“I hope he has heard nothing of the business that has brought me here. I wish the gout had held him fast in Devonshire, with all my soul.”


Yet, when Sir Anthony meets him, Jack hypocritically says,


“Sir, I am delighted to see you here, and looking so well!”


He also deceptively manipulates his father after hearing that Sir Anthony has chosen for him the very same girl he has been courting. Jack carries out this deception via hypocrisy in order to achieve personal ends of lengthening the courtship process so as to give Lydia the elopement she desires.


“Why then, Sir, the result of my reflection is a resolution to sacrifice every inclination of my own to your satisfaction…if I please you in this affair, ‘tis all I desire.”


Jack also deceives Mrs Malaprop by manipulating her via hypocritical flattery in order to achieve the personal gain of seeing Lyida.





“Permit me to say, Madam, that as I never yet have had the pleasure of seeing Miss Languish, my principal inducement in this affair at present, is the honour of being allied to Mrs Malaprop; of whose intellectual accomplishment, elegant manners, and unaffected learning, no tongue is silent.”


The older generation’s use of hypocrisy is also to exert control and domination over the younger generation. This is seen in both Mrs Malaprop and Sir Lucius O’Trigger’s dealing with the younger generational characters like Lydia, Lucy and Bob Acres.


Mrs Malaprop attempts to exert control and dominate Lydia’s reading material. She then justifies her actions to Sir Anthony by hypocritically explaining that a young woman





“…above all…should be mistress of orthodoxy (pronounciation), that she might not misspell, and mispronounce words so shamefully as girls usually do; and likewise that she might reprehend (comprehend) the true meaning of what she is saying.”


This humorously reeks of hypocrisy as Mrs Malaprop herself constantly mispronounces her words and does not appear to know how to use the right words for the right situation.


Sir Lucius attempts to control and dominate Lucy even when he is courting Mrs Malaprop disguised as Celia. He tries to steal kisses from her by telling Lucy to tell her mistress that she has been kissed fifty times by Lucius. When Lucy protests that this was a lie, Lucius shamelessly tries to make it a reality by attempting to kiss Lucy as many times.


“Ah then, you baggage! I’ll make it a truth presently.”


Hypocrisy is displayed in Lucius’ character through this shameless attempt to romance Celia (whom he perceives to be Lydia) and unfaithfully kiss her servant at the same time.


Sir Lucius also attempts (and very nearly succeeds) to manipulate Bob Acres into fighting a duel with Ensign Beverley by hypocritically reminding Acres to “consider (his) honour”. Yet, in his shameless attempt to steals kisses from the servant girl Lucy, honour is something that Lucius most certainly lacks.


Mrs Malaprop displays hypocrisy in her initial unwillingness to intervent to prevent the duel between Jack Absolute and Bob Acres so as to preserve the life of Lydia’s lover.





“O fie - it would be very inelegant in us we should only participate (precipitate) things.”


Yet, when she learns that her own lover Sir Lucius is involved as well, she immediately swings into action because of the perceived personal gain to herself if her lover survives.





“Why, fly with the utmost felicity to be sure, to prevent mischief here, friend � you can show us the place?”


In conclusion , the issue of hypocrisy as highlighted by both generations of Sheridan’s characters, display the typical dramatic tension that arises as each attempts to manipulate the other in order to benefit themselves. Sheridan cleverly brings this to the audience’s attention in his attempt to satirise the social conventions of his epoch.





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