Institutional Racism Makes Two Societies

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Institutional Racism Makes Two Societies

Try to imagine everyday life. Who do you see on television? Who do you see as political leaders? What kind of people do you see working as doctors and lawyers versus the kinds of people you see working at fast food restaurants and as garbage collectors? Who is on the list of the wealthiest Americans? Who do you see living in your neighborhood? Is it racially mixed or segregated? When you think of a criminal who comes to mind? When answering these questions you’ll probably see a pattern. Whites are associated with better job positions, better living conditions, better lifestyles and blacks are associated with things like welfare, crime, poverty, and a reputation for not caring. These assumptions are based purely on how society likes to portray blacks and whites. It is not the African Americans fault that they are portrayed in this way but the fact that they are still being treated differently than whites. There are definitely two societies a black society and white society and it will probably be that way for a long time. Institutional racism is to blame for the two societies on the basis that African Americans are discriminated against in the realms of education, health care, and criminal justice.

The fact that whites are viewed as supreme and above blacks probably has a lot to do with the fact that for hundreds of years they were. Slavery and the separating of the two societies have never been fully lived down. From the beginning of this countries birth they were separated and it is hard for people to not see skin color as a difference. Blacks have had to work to get where they are from basically nothing. When freed they had no money, no land, no education and whites had everything, so basically from then until now it has been blacks trying to catch up to whites. Today many think that discrimination and racism don’t take place because we as a society have learned to adapt but in actuality for most blacks poverty, unemployment, segregation, etc have all increased due to institutional racism. Since society is clearly trying to make it seem blacks and whites are extremely different from each other, that is the way blacks and whites are thinking resulting in the separation of societies.

One reason why institutional racism is a factor in having two societies is in relation to the education system. It is a known fact that more white children than black children go to college. This is due to the fact blacks have fewer educational opportunities and their education system is on a lower level (McGhan). For example where I live in the city of Cleveland, the city is basically split up into two sides the blacks on the east side and the whites on the west side. The west side has a better school system and more private schools than the east side. The east side schools are predominantly taught by black teachers and the west side taught by white teachers. Although the school system in Cleveland is not so good, the schools on the west side receive more money and the conditions of the buildings are better. Many say that it is the blacks fault because they ruined what they had but in actuality they don’t receive as much money and what they are learning is not as advanced as what predominately white students are learning.




Another reason why institutional racism promotes two societies is within the health care system. Since blacks are discriminated against in the education system, then they have less of a chance to get a good job and to have a job with benefits. So basically the problem starts out small but just keeps getting bigger and bigger when you add in all of the institutions that are involved in this racism. Since blacks do not have as good as jobs as whites due to education then they live in poorer housing developments and usually these communities are minority communities resulting in the division of blacks and whites. Since many practicing doctors are white and set up their practice in predominately white communities, black communities are under-served and have unequal access to hospitals and doctors. “A disproportionate number of blacks have no insurance, are unemployed, are employed in jobs that do not provide healthcare insurance, and disqualify for government assistance” (Randall). This then results in blacks becoming ill more frequently than whites and dying at a significantly higher rate.

The last reason why institutional racism keeps blacks and whites as two different societies is the discrimination within the criminal justice system. “Even though five times as many whites use “illegal drugs” as do blacks but blacks (who are just 1% of the U.S. population) are 6% of drug offenders send to state prisons” (Prejudice and Punishment). Just in that area of criminal justice alone blacks are being highly discriminated against. Not to mention the high rate of blacks being stopped by police on the road than whites even though the white population to the black population on the road is triple, maybe even quadruple. With the stereotypes of blacks being drug offenders and criminals, it is leading our police to believing it’s always true. Whites certainly do have the advantage when it comes to criminal justice because society just envisions the black person as always the one to blame, which is quite wrong and unfair. Even as far as black and white neighborhoods, the black neighborhood is always labeled as the unsafe one or the lower class one because of the discrimination of blacks in the criminal justice system.

Some people argue that we as a society and as a nation have come along way concerning the racial factor and that blacks and whites are living in one society. They argue that blacks and whites live together, work together, go to school together, attend events together and so on, but just because we interact with each other does not mean that we are one as a society. For example, I live in an all white neighborhood and last year a black family moved in. Everything was fine for awhile but then the black family got a black Barbie doll with blood on it in their mailbox telling them to go where they belong and this followed with more threats and very disturbing letters. Considering it is 00, I thought that those kinds of incidents didn’t occur anymore but I found out in a personal way that they do and it is very disturbing. To me it sounded like the neighborhood didn’t want them to move in because more and more blacks might come and somehow that was a bad thing. If we were one society then all of this hatred and discrimination toward one another wouldn’t be happening and we would be able to live without fear and rejection.

The society of the present day is substantially different from the society of the 18th, 1th, 0th centuries but there are still so many changes that need to happen in our society before we are able to say that we live as one society. No matter how many times people try and stop racism there are always new ways on how to get around the laws and successfully exclude blacks from the things they rightly deserve. Institutionalized racism is an example of how these racists get around the laws. Health care, education, and criminal justice system are only three of the many realms that blacks face each day with institutional racism and hopefully in the next century we can stop this racism, we can bring the white society and black society into one American society.

McGhan, Barry. “Racism Lives Today.” The Center for Public School Renewal.

http//comnet.org/cpsr/essays/racism1.htm

“Prejudice and Punishment Blacks unfairly treated in ‘War on Drugs’.” June 000,

http//csf.colorado.edu/forums/homeless/000/msg0080.html.

Randall, Vernellia R. ed. “Institutional Racism in the U.S. Health Care System.” The

University of Dayton School of Law. http//academic.udayton.edu/health/07humanrights/shadow01.htm

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American History X

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American History X is a movie about the significance of hate crimes and how to overcome racism. The movie starts in black and white representing a flash back. Derek, who is a neo-nazi, kills two black men after they break into his car. One of them he smashes his face against the curb. Derek gets thrown in jail for three years. Danny, his younger brother, is on the same path as Derek was. Once Derek gets out of jail all he tries to do is turn Danny away from the racism that consumes his life. Danny is given an alternative history assignment in his new history class, American History X, where he is supposed to write about how Derek’s time in prison has changed and influenced his life. Derek goes to a party where all of his former skin-head friends are to be. He talks with the “ring leader” who schooled him on how to be a true skinhead. Derek informs him that he wants out and that he’s changed. The two men get into a fight which causes aggression from the other skinheads against Derek. Derek manages to get away where he and Danny sit and talk. Derek tells Danny what happened to him in jail. He was a part of the skinheads in prison, but never realized that at the same time he was befriending one of his black co-workers. The skinheads notice this and rape Derek in the shower room. This causes Derek to slowly change his ways. He gets help from an outside source and stands his distance from the skinheads. Derek’s story really affected Danny; so much in fact that Derek and Danny take down all of the Nazi paraphernalia in Danny’s room. The next day Danny goes to school with his history assignment in hand. As Danny approaches a stall in the bathroom he turns around to find a black kid whom he had an altercation with the previous day holding a gun in his hand. The kid shot Danny five times killing him. As the movie closes it shows Derek going to Danny and holding him while in the background is Danny reading the end of his paper. Danny closes the paper and the movie with “All hate is bad,” thus ending Danny’s racism and ending the movie.

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Effect Essay

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In early February of 00, I got accepted into Husson College of Bangor, Maine. I was very happy. Three weeks later I also got accepted into EMCC of Bangor Maine. Now I found myself trying to choose between the two schools. There are good things and bad things about both schools. I thought and discussed these issues with my family and after a couple of weeks I decided to try EMCC.

The cost difference between the schools was probably the biggest factor in my decision. I received scholarships to cover my entire first year’s tuition here at EMCC. That number would just skim the surface of a semester’s bill at Husson. As far as I am concerned, I can receive just as good of an education here and not feel like I am just a number. I will be able to graduate from EMCC virtually debt free, where as at Husson I would most likely face a five figure debt which would take me years to pay.

Another factor in my decision was two years versus four years. I honestly do not know if four more years of school would be for me. I like the fact that in less than two years I will be out working and starting a career, and if I feel the need to stay in school longer, I can do that also.

A third factor effecting my decision is that I did not want to take classes at Husson that I would never need to take here at EMCC. Four year schools like Husson usually make you take core courses that don’t always relate to your major. Here I am taking courses that the employers in my field of work want its workers to take.




Now that we are a couple of months into this first semester, I think my decision was a good one. I only had to pay $ 50 dollars of my own money. Now I only have to worry about paying for next year, if I do not get any financial aid. All I have to worry about now is working hard and getting my degree.



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Reform Judaism in the 19th Century

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The most extreme precursor to the Reform movement was a man by

the name of Samuel Holdheim. He was born in 1806 in Kempo in the

province of Posen. At a young age he studied at a yeshiva and received

a Talmudic education. He began to study German and secular subjects




after his marriage to a woman with a modern education. After their

divorce several years later, he began studying at the University of

Prague and Berlin and received a doctorate from the University of

Leipzig. Following service in Frankfurt -Am-Oder he became a

Landesrabbiner or chief Rabbi of Mecklenberg-Schewerin. In the year

1847 he became the rabbinate of a reform congregation in Berlin . At

this point he already disapproved of most liberal Rabbis and came to

be known as the most exemplar of reform Rabbis in all of Europe ( 41)

The question comes to mind as to what exactly triggered this

different belief in Judaism which differed significantly from previous

tenents. It started during the time of the French revolution, a time

when European Jews were (for the first time) recognized as citizens of

the countries in which they lived in. Ghettos were being abolished,

special badges were no longer required and Jews could dress the way

they wanted, settle were they pleased and work the occupations they

desired.

Many Jews settled outside of Jewish districts, and began to

live like their neighbors and speak the language of the land. They

went to public schools and began to neglect Jewish Studies and forget

about he Shulchan Aruch.

In 1815, after Napoleons defeat, Jews lost the rights of

citizenship in many countries. Many Jews converted to Christianity in

order to retain those rights. Many thoughtful Jews were concerned

about this. They realized that many of these changes took place not

because of a dislike for Judaism, but in order to obtain better

treatment. Many rabbis believed that the way to address this was to

force Jews to give up public schools and universities. This didnt

work.

Rabbis suggested that observance might have to be changed in

order to appeal to the Jew living the modern world. They realized that

every now and then old practices and new ones were introduced,

resulting in a different lifestyle then 4000 or even 000 years

previously. They fathomed that these changes often made life easier

for the Jew. They concluded that in order to make Judaism attractive

to all Jews this change had to continue. A group of Rabbis assembled

in Germany, and changes began, thus developed the start of Reform

Judaism. Holdheim a reform Rabbi himself felt that the Jews living

during his time period should change the laws given to them at Mt.

Sinai and the halacha that the Talmud and Mishna state. Holdheim

believed that the laws of the Torah and the Talmud that were in effect

when the Jews had their own country and government have lost their

legitimacy. Judaism now had to be in accord with both the letter and

the spirit of laws of the nations they were living among. Even the

laws of the Torah whose source was God had to be regarded as valid for

certain times and places as he said with the change of the

circumezces and conditions of life for which God once gave those

laws , the laws themselves cease to be operative, that they shall be

observed no longer because they no longer can be observed. Thus ,

Holdheim said that the biblical and Talmudic laws concerning marriage,

divorce and personal status are no longer relevant and the Jews in

these cases should be ruled by the state government (Sasson 85). He

concluded that laws between man and man should be left to the rule

of the state they lived in but questions of prayer and religious

institutions should be left to the Rabbis because prayer was the

most important part of religious life.

Holdheim denied the authority of the Talmudic dicta, the oral

law. He says that it was written by the hand of man but was divinely

inspired. His conclusion was that Jewish life should be based on

spiritual and ethical guidance of the Torah. Even though he didnt

reject the Talmud and Mishna one-hundred percent for him they were no

longer used for Jewish law but storehouses of wisdom and ethics (Gay

155). Illustrations of commandments that he rejected during this time

period were the celebration of Shabbat on Saturday. The reason for

this was there was normal school on Saturdays and the Jews felt school

was more important than observing the word of God (Gay 155). Holdheim

also went a little far fetched and said that he couldnt find anything

wrong with intermarriage , even though the Torah clearly states it. He

also stated in 1844 that circumcision wasnt required even though he

had absolutely no reason for this( 4). Other important beliefs of

Holdheim were anti-Zionism, the observance of only one day festivals

and that men and women should be treated equally in terms of mitzvot

(Gay 155). Most of these changes in the religion were so that the Jews

should adapt with the nation they were living in. Since they

themselves didnt constitute a nation and these laws were prerogatives

of the state the Jews should abide by the law of the land (Sasson

85).

Reform Judaism wasnt the only way of belief during this time

period. Others like Samson Raphael Hirsch went in the totally

opposite direction of Holdheim. Hirsch felt that Judaism had to be

observed the way we were told to under almost any and every

circumezce(Gay 154). If Hirsch wouldnt have taken this different

ezd a true Jewish nation wouldnt exist today. Holdheim didnt

realize that he was weakening the nation and could have ultimately led

to the extinction of the Jewish people



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Caterpillar

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Caterpillar has been around for a long time and the company has been through a lot of ups and downs, but for some strange reason they have still held their ground in the heavy equipment industry. We have been hearing about Caterpillar; some of us can even remember having little toy tractors and cranes that we played with as kids that had that infamous Cat engraved on the sides. In this analysis, I will focus on the CEOs, Board of Directors, mission Identification, intent, corporate level strategy, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, buyers, suppliers, and new entrants.

CEOs and Board of Directors

Through out the case, three CEOs were mentioned George Schaefer, Dan Fites and Glen Barton. Mr. Schaefer was the CEO that helped with the comeback of Cat in terms of his human relations oriented leadership style. Mr. Schaefer came along at a very good time for the Caterpillar Company. He had very good people skills which helped him when he dealt with employees. He was once called the best manager the construction industry has ever had by one analyst in the case. Mr. Fites had a much different style than that of Schaefer but was also successful as a leader. Fites was described as very determined and combatable; he was a hard liner who was feared by employees. He was very familiar with Japanese business practices and was instrumental in establishing Japanese type work teams in the company. Mr. Barton was the new guy, faced with the challenges of continuing the company’s success. He was a year veteran that had seen the company go through good times and bad times, and had first hand experience learning from two of the best CEOs Caterpillar had ever had in Mr. Schaefer and Mr. Fites.

Mission Identification




Caterpillar’s mission is to make profits selling their products and make progress possible around the world in terms of economics. When speaking of making progress, Caterpillar machines help build the world infrastructure thru construction (ex. highways and airports). Caterpillar engines provide power for developing nations and standby power for hospitals. Caterpillar has a network of over 00 dealers worldwide, with sales in over 00 countries.

Intent

Cat intended is to be the leader in providing the best machines, engines, and support services for its customers. Their objective, is to empower its employees to facilitate the cross utilization of employees, innovation, and teamwork.



Resources

Caterpillar’s management team � Schaefer, Fites, and Barton- was one resource, another intangible asset for Cat was its network of dealerships; Cats relationships with its dealers were very valuable. Cat’s employees were instrumental to its success during its reorganization period. In 1, Cat employed 67000 people. The expansion and upgrades to their IT system was a valuable resource, which allowed Cat to monitor inventories and control cost.

Corporate-Level Strategy

Caterpillar implemented a distribution and dealership network that contributed to the company’s worldwide success. The network included independent dealers, strategically located around the world, which sold and serviced Cat’s equipment. There are numerous examples of corporate level strategy in this case. For example, CEO Barton, during his tenure, undertook expansion into new markets by the development of new distribution channels, and establishing themselves as global competitors. Under CEO Schaefer’s direction, Caterpillar devised and implemented a series of strategies that included purchasing, manufacturing, marketing, personnel, and labor relations. Lastly, CEO Fites revamped Cat’s product development process, by utilizing an integrated approach based on Japanese-style functional teams.

Strengths

In terms of strengths, Schaefer’s development of the ESP (employee satisfaction program) benefited the company by reducing grievances, improving quality, saving assembly cost and reducing reject part rates. Instituting PWAF (plant with a future) improved overall conditions, and modernized tools and systems. The change from batch to cell manufacturing allowed Cat to gain more integration of the work process and reduce inventory levels by 50%. Cat had a reputable relationship with its dealers. To combat with price competition, Cat offered its dealers discounts when possible. They also assisted dealers during recessions, and helped them to conduct surveys relating to customer satisfaction.

Weakness

The rift between Cat and UAW was a major weakness. In 18, Cat experienced the longest strike by employees in the history of UAW despite the efforts of the ESP (employee satisfaction program); Cat’s inability to work effectively with UAW cost the company dearly. By 18, Cat had reached an agreement with the union. Because this agreement brought a sense of peace to the fight among the two, it is seen as a resource. Customer satisfaction is highly regarded by most companies, but Cat did not do a good job in this area in the past. Customer service is an imperative aspect of business that Caterpillar failed to realize.



Opportunities

Initially, Caterpillar set out to become one of the world’s most exclusive heavy-duty machinery movers. In the beginning, they were successful. However, an unstable economy forced them to venture out into new markets (small machines and tools). Global demand from heavy construction machines grew at a steady rate of 4.5% in the 10’s. The rate of growth was extremely fast in the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Threats

The crisis of 18 � 184 came from a global recession, strike, and unfavorable currency exchange rate. The use of old construction machines came to a stand still as the threat of highway construction slowed down to a halt in the 180’s. The price of oil declined, which would have made gas cheaper, but with no business Cat missed out on the opportunity to gain ground on the market. The ever-fluctuating dollar rose in value and made US exports more expensive abroad and U.S imports a lot cheaper at home. Cat’s heavy machines weren’t selling well which lead them to diversify their product line, hence leading them in the production of smaller light weight equipment (back hoes, farm tractors, and small bull dozers).

Buyers

Customers of Caterpillar are construction companies, government development agencies, miners, and engineering firms. In Cat’s light equipment division they supplied equipment to farmers, landscapers, homebuilders, gardeners, road pavers, or just any one who had a need for a light machine for yard work. That was the beauty of the light equipment market there was always someone with need to use a machine.

Suppliers

Caterpillar produced a couple of there own parts but majority of their parts were outsourced. Caterpillar used the just in time process to construct machines giving them about four hours of work on the assembly line at a time.

New Entrants

It is very hard for a new company to break into the heavy equipment industry and take over the market. Caterpillar doesn’t have much to worry about in that aspect. All they have to worry about are the companies that are already in business. If there was to be a new comer in the market, it would probably come after Caterpillars light equipment market.

Conclusion

Caterpillar is a company that has been shaken a few times but still manages to keep its head above water. It has done so by reorganizing its weaknesses and not being afraid to change its ways of doing things. Cat has managed to stay consistent with what it has been doing for years, both internally and externally except for a few diversification moves. Its CEOs have came through the ranks of the company, so they know exactly what Cat’s intentions are and they try not to stray too far from those intentions. Cat realizes that there is competition out there and that the company can’t get too complacent with its actions. My colleagues and I feel that if Caterpillar keeps that same mind frame they will keep being productive for years to come.



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Case Study: T&J’sUnderstanding Strategies &The Management Control Systems

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T&J’s

A Case Study

BACKGROUND

T&J’s, a coffee manufacturing and distribution company founded in 110, operates through its three roasting plants in the Midwest. The company’s headquarters in Columbus, Ohio makes all operating decisions which include preparing monthly financial statements, managing sales policies, and providing production schedules for the current month as well as the succeeding month to the plants. Each plant is considered a profit center as it has profit and loss responsibility.




T&J’s produces and sells its own brand of coffee throughout the Midwestern and Mid-Atlantic states. The overall coffee market is in decline while specialty premium and gourmet coffee sales are increasing.

T&J’S STRATEGY

T&J’s general strategy is to supply quality products to the high-end coffee market at the lowest possible cost. Their strategy hinges on the minimization of spot market purchases, maximization of surplus beans selling in the spot market, real time decisions on whether to use the excess purchased beans to make coffee or sell them in spot market, appropriate hedge strategy to protect profits from bean market price variations, precise control over manufacturing (roasting, grinding, and packaging), and a good plant maintenance program to avoid production downtimes.

The only competitive advantage of T&J’s business seems to be their strong purchasing department and production plants capable of precise roasting, grinding, and packaging different coffee beans.

CURRENT SITUATION

The issue at hand is that the plant managers are dissatisfied with the manner in which they are rated. Each roasting plant considered as a profit center has responsibilities for its respective profits and losses. Dissatisfaction amongst plant managers is primarily due to the lack of control they have over inputs, volumes, price and product mix, since both production rates and raw material costs are loaded on them. While marketing projections (sales budgets) dictate production rates in the plants, the raw material costs (represented by the contract covering a particular coffee shipment) are determined by the purchase department.

SITUATION ANALYSIS

T&J’s manufacturing and purchasing groups are considered as profit centers. However, a profit center should only be established if the management responsible for that area has adequate influence over both revenue and costs. An analysis of each responsibility centers with reference to their current control systems vs. the desired outcomes.

Production Facilities

At T&J’s, plant management controls a mere 8% of the total cost of sales at the production facilities, yet the plant manager performance is based on gross margin ($ 48,640) that includes sales ($ ,,860) minus cost of sales, including green coffee bean costs ($18,05,0).

Green Coffee bean costs are the responsibility of the purchasing department and are 6% of cost of goods sold of the production facilities. Because the plant manager controls only 8% of cost of goods sold, he will make efforts to reduce costs in the areas that he can control, such as, packaging, labor, and roasting. Plant manager may only be able to do this at the expense of quality.

Purchasing Unit

The purchasing unit operates autonomously, keeping its own records and handling all of the financial transactions relating to purchasing, sales to outsiders, and transfers to three company-operated roasting plants. It purchases green coffee beans on contract and transfers required quantities to the production facilities. The purchasing group also sells excess beans in the open market to other producers, coffee brokers or other roasters.

The control system for the purchasing department is a monthly income statement that measures only the effectiveness of open market sales of excess beans. The income statement only accounts for the sales price minus the cost of beans and excludes any administrative and overhead costs of running the department. It’s the central office (headquarters) that absorbs the administrative and overhead costs of purchase group as an element of general corporate overhead.

The current control system does not encourage the purchasing unit to keep a check on its administrative costs. Also since the production facility “takes” the entire costs of green coffee beans transferred, there is no incentive for the purchasing department to minimize the cost of goods sold.

Marketing Department

From the information given in case, it is not possible to determine the control system for the marketing department. However, in absence of a sales budget, the marketing department would not be motivated to have accurate sales forecast.

ANALYSIS SUMMARY

Due to the apparent absence of variance analysis, there is no way to know if the sales are higher or lower than budget, if purchase costs of beans are kept as low as possible, and if manufacturing is controlling the costs that they can influence. We can thus conclude T&J’s current control systems do not support their strategy to minimize costs.

RECOMMENDATIONS

T&J’s strategy and control systems must go hand-in-hand for its growth prospects. The basis of these recommendations is that each respective department, marketing, purchasing and production be judged for performance only they can control. Moreover, participative management policies must be evolved at the middle management level in order to check dissatisfaction amongst plant managers. Efforts must also be made to ensure cohesiveness of policies and operations of the three units. Also important is too give unit heads responsibility coupled with authority to focus on a strategy that allows for cost competitiveness, product differentiation, market penetration, understanding customer’s requirements and focus on key issues within organization.

The following suggestions coupled with a variance budget would allow T&J’s to chart a better control system for its current strategy

• The only functions the plant managers can control are the roasting, grinding and packaging functions. The company should establish production standards for making coffee and be graded on how efficiently the standards are met.

• The purchase unit should be judged and compensated based on how well its meets the projected purchase prices vs. actual costs. In addition, the purchasing unit should be measured on hedged price vs. average spot market prices. The purchasing group should also bear the cost of storage, contracts hedging or any other activities associated with purchasing the green coffee beans.

• Similarly, differences in sales mix, prices and volumes from plan should be charged to the marketing department favorably or unfavorably.



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How to be an idiot.Girl's Guide to losing love of your life.

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Self- indulgence is something that can swallow you whole without you even knowing it. You get comfortable where you are, maybe a little bit too comfortable, and thats when it all starts. First you get spoiled...you yourself, your personality, your ways of handling yourself in certain situations, your attitude, and so on. But you dont know that at the moment, you enjoy it, and think that finally life is treating you well. Everything seems to be glorious, and makes you want to scream from outbursts of happiness. You get so excited that you decide to give something back to the community - you start telling yourself that you should treat people the way you want to be treated yourself, and you do it. But do you stop to think that maybe, just maybe people differ in any way from you? Do you realize that the way you would treat yourself isnt something that the other individual might enjoy ? Or do you even know anymore how exactly you yourself want to be treated? When it is all in a process, these questions dont even ring a bell, and if they do, its a completely different bell they are ringing. You get angry at people, because they dont think the way you do. Then you start getting ideas in your head that maybe everyone does think exactly like you, but they are hiding themselves. You get overwhelmed by new things popping up in your head - am I reading peoples minds of what? You get insanely curious to what it might be, you keep guessing, coming up with new explanations and so on, while at the same time you are being chewed by that self-indulgence mentioned earlier. But you dont know it yet, and you wont listen to what anyone says...because hey, you think you already know it all. It goes on and on...and seems to be something magical...you feel like you have opened a door that other people could only dream of finding. By now you already forgot about everyone else around you, you dont notice the way things are going, because you in your own mind are always right...and since you made a great discovery of figuring people out, and being able to read their minds, you cant tell right from wrong anymore. You spend days and weeks and even months bathing in it, and it actually feels good. People around you start making remarks about your behavior...but you only hear what you want to hear - them denying the truth that you have found. You get lost in yourself...the priorities and ideas that you used to have are now adapted to your new way of thinking. You dont care what people say or how they act towards you anymore. You know that they are faking, and pretending they dont know that truth, so you disregard everything, and everyone. Then it starts getting too heavy, by now everyone is almost throwing up from the way you handle yourself, but you still dont even know it yet. You keep telling yourself that people will get punished for how they are misusing that sacred truth, and that you are going to be the only one in the end. I have no idea how all of this started, things happen for a reason. How can I be sure about anything thats going through my head anymore? Ive been fooled by my own self... Im still on a rough ride...but everything happens for a reason. So if you are up for keeping your mind open, keep it open not just for yourself. my own

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chemistry

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In science, it is vital that the information that has been obtained regarding the products created be as accurate as possible. To obtain the accuracy of different products, many different types of ?yields? are taken into consideration. A yield is the amount of product that is obtained in a chemical reaction. The theoretical yield is the amount of product that we predict will be obtained using stoichiometric calculations and balanced equations. The actual yield is the amount of product that is actually obtained at the end of a procedure. Sometimes the actual yield in a chemical reaction turns out to be less than the theoretical yield, and because of this, there is something called the percentage yield. The percentage yield is the comparison of the actual yield and the theoretical yield giving an indication of the efficiency of a chemical reaction. The percentage yield is a very important value especially to the industries all around the world; who have a main purpose to increase efficiency, and thereby creating larger profits.

Purpose

The purpose of this lab, ?Percentage Yield?, was to determine how theoretical and experimental values could be used to determine the percentage yield. In this case, specifically we used sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid to create water, carbon dioxide and salt when heated.




Materials

The following materials were used in the lab to get our results.

· 50 ml Beaker

· Retort stand

· Bunsen burner

· Striker

· Evaporating dish

· Ring clamp

· Watch glass

· Hydrochloric acid

· Tongs

· Distilled water

· Sodium chloride

· Metal grate

· Plastic dropper

· Paper towel

· Scoopula

· Scale

· Weighing paper

Procedure

The following procedure was follow throughout the experiment.

1. A watch glass and evaporating dish was cleaned, and their mass was measured.

. There was 0.75g of sodium carbonate added to the dish, and their

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Dramatic Irony

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Sophocles was born in 45 B.C about a mile northwest of Athens. He was to become one of the great playwrights of the golden age. Sophocles father, Sophilles, was a wealthy merchant. Sophocles father was a rich man through the efforts of his slaves who were employed in various sorts of manufacturing. Sophocles would enjoy all the comforts of a thriving Greek empire. Consequently, the boy was educated as was customary for youths of aristocratic family, in dancing and music, coupled with gymnastic instruction. In fact, he was so conspicuous for his beauty of form and for his skill in dancing and music that he was chosen to lead the chorus of boys in the public celebration of the defeat of the Persians at Salamis.

Sophocles made his first appearance as a contending dramatist at the City Dionysian in 486 B.C. when he was twenty-eight years old, winning the victory over Aeschylus. From that time on he generally exhibited every other year and won in all eighteen victories at the City Dionysian besides those won at Lenaea.

As one of the great innovators of the theatre, he was the first to add a third actor. He also abolished trilogic form. He used tragedies to tell a single story. Sophocles chose to make each tragedy a complete entity in itself. As a result, he had to pack all of his action into the shorter form, and thus clearly offered greater dramatic possibilities. Many authorities also credit him with the invention of scene-painting and painted prisms.

Of Sophocles’ more than 10 plays, only seven have survived their entirety. Of these, Oedipus Rex is a supreme example of unconscious dramatic irony and is regarded as he perfection of Greek tragedy irony. The tragedy of fate explores the depths of modern psychoanalysis as Oedipus unwittingly kills his father and marries his mother in an attempt to avoid the very prophecy he ultimately fulfills. As masterful work of plot and suspense, Oedipus Rex is often heralded as a perfectly structured play of dramatic irony.




Sophocles’ greatness as a dramatic writer consisted not so much in his inventiveness as in his development and rounding out of the dramatic form brought into being by Thespis and Aeschyles. He added the third actor and thus pronounced the doom of the chorus as an element of prime importance in Greek tragedy. Sophocles dramatic interest always hold first place. He plays are outstanding for their smoothness of plot, the nobility of the characters and the graceful charm of the lyrics. In a sense they might be said to mirror the serenity of the poems’ own life. He had a tranquil and contented temperament and a generous spirit free from petty jealousies. He was witty, agreeable, and fond of people and his mind was keen and active right up to the time of his death at the age of ninety-one.

Dramatic irony is a relationship of contrast between a character’s limited understandings of his or her situation. It is found in some particular moment of the unfolding action and what the audience, at the same instant, understands the character’s situation actually to be. Dramatic irony as such is not necessarily tragic. For example, in comedy, the change in circumstances dramatic irony portends can be for the better. Some of the most famous and powerful uses of dramatic irony are associated with the tragedy. There it serves it emphasize how limited human understanding can be when it is most plausible, and how painful the cost of the misunderstanding can be. In some instances, they are inevitable.

There are a few places where the audience’s prior knowledge of the full story enables dramatic irony. A character, in this case, Oedipus or Jocasta makes a remark that he or she understands to apply to the facts in a particular manner, but the audience understands that it applies as well. Instead the character is ignorant and eventually brought to light for them and will change their circumstances.

The particular flavor and thematic resonance of individual instances of dramatic irony in a given tragedy will depend on the particular circumstances of that individual work. The questions at the end are designed to prompt us to take stock of what may be special about what Sophocles wants to use dramatic irony to emphasize in this particular work.

The term “dramatic” as incorporated in the term dramatic irony has nothing to do with “dramatic” in the sense of sensational or even emphatic or obvious. Dramatic irony can be quite unassuming or subtle. It only needs to be interesting. Some, but not all cases of dramatic irony involve unconscious hypocrisy. In unconscious, the speaker intends to be understood as meaning what his utterance would ordinarily be understood to mean. The speaker in unaware that the situation is at odds with this meaning. It is noted that in conscious hypocrisy, the speaker is aware that the situation is at odds, with what he gives himself out to mean. Which means, he intends to deceive the hearer. A classic instance of dramatic irony that involves no hypocrisy, takes place in the scene in which Oedipus reproaches his brother-in law Creon. He then mistakenly but plausibly believes to have conspired to bring him under suspicion of having killed the former king of Thebes in order to have him expelled from the city. Therefore, he will be able to take over the kingship in his stead. He tells Creon that a man is a fool if he thinks he can sin against his kinfolk and escape the wrath of the gods.

Another classic instance of dramatic irony that involves no hypocrisy takes place in the scene in which Oedipus reproaches his brother-in-law Creon. He soon come to mistakenly but plausibly believe to have conspired to bring him under suspicion of having killed the former king of Thebes. This was done to have him expelled from the city so he would be able to take over the kingship in his stead. He tells Creon that a man is a fool if he thinks that he can sin against his kinfolk and escape the wrath of the gods. The warning is phrased as a universal it applies to every person. Oedipus is unaware that he has slain his own father and committed incest with his mother. However, the audience is aware of Oedipus’ incest. The audience is aware of the fact that the transgressions will eventually be revealed before all Thebes. The audience knows the fact that Oedipus will suffer terribly at the revelation, and the fact that the divine order is firmly implicated both in the commission and the discovery (hence “punishment”) of these crimes. It is this discrepancy between what Oedipus understands his words to apply to and what the audience understands their scope actually to be that constitutes the effect the dramatic irony.



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Hpw to focus on work

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HOW TO FOCUS ON WORK.

Sounds simple enough, but when do we take the time to free ourselves from the inherent distractions of the office environment? You may even have what you consider to be an efficient system of getting work done, but think about how much time do you spend on chatting with co-workers, taking a cigarette break, making phone calls or just surfing the net. Now matter how stellar your production, there is always room for improvement. Consider the following a simple guide to streamline your basic workday.

The main tip is to have enough of sleep. Common sense, as well as medical research , suggest that the quality of rest you get on a given night will determine the type of mental acuity you have the next day. Good idea is to remove a TV from your bedroom , because otherwise it can be major deterrent from sleep.

Next tip is start your morning off right. Try to wake up a little earlier, so you could manage to do your everyday morning routine with no hurry. To have breakfast, to take shower, to read morning newspapers in a calm atmosphere is even more important that you may think. Hurry causes stresses , so you have to escape it .The point is to start the day off ensconced in the comfort of your home environment , before joining the rat race of the real world.




Tip number three cut out distractions. Of course , it is easy to say, but hard to do. It may seem like an impossible battle to win, but you have to fight it if you want to improve your focus. When you arrive at the office try to keep the chatter with co-workers to a minimum. The office is a place of business , not a social club . Ask your relatives and friends not to call to you when you are at work and use your e-mail mail box only for business purposes. Keep everything personal at home.

Next tip is try not to get involved into office romance. It is the most damaging distraction on the job . The consequences could be dire. For one , you are bound to have unsavory thoughts for the most of the day. In addition, the potential for damaged relations with other employees is possible. The last thing you want is to be the main topic of the office rumour mill.

All in all, try to build a protective fortress around yourself when necessary and work with diligence on internal factors averting your focus from the job, such as apathy, boredom and fatigue. Do not be ashamed to take a time-out from the computer or even a quick nap to recharge your cerebral battery. Do whatever is necessary to take ownership of the focus.

Inherent - existing as a natural or basic part of something; not able to be removed or changed ;

Stellar - (informal) When used of people or their activities, stellar means of an extremely high standard.

Acuity - accuracy and effectiveness (of vision, hearing, or thought)

To ensconce - to place (yourself) firmly in a particular place for a length of time

Dire - very serious or extreme, or informal very bad

To avert - to turn away (your eyes or thoughts)

Fatigue - extreme tiredness, or specialized weakness in something such as a metal part or structure, often caused by repeated bending



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Biopure Company Analysis

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Company Analysis ?BPC is a manufacturer of blood substitutes, specifically Hemopure (Hp) for humans and Oxyglobin (Og) for the veterinary (mainly canine) market. Although Hp is expected (without guarantee) to receive FDA approval by the end of 1, Og received approval for general use in 17. BPC has already invested $00 million on product development and manufacturing facilities for the two products, and recently received $50 million in Venture Capital funding; thus, it has little if any short-term financial constraints. The company’s plant capacity is 00,000 units of Og, or 150,000 units of Hp. There is considerable flexibility in switching from the manufacturing of one product to another, and BPC can manufacture both at the same time (given the resulting linear function from the capacity figures above). These capacity numbers, however, are limited in comparison to the larger potential market. Given its competitors in the human blood market, BPC would be place third among three competitors, whereas in the canine market, it would have a monopoly for a minimum of two years. As such, BPC would likely be a price taker in the human blood supply market, whereas it would be a price setter in the canine market, allowing it to maximize profits by charging the highest possible price given its current capacity. An undersupplied marketplace for both humans and canines will allow for sufficiently elevated prices (Exhibit ).

In performing a VRIO analysis of BPC (Exhibit 4), one sees the unique use of bovine precursors and product differentiation of Og as sustainable competitive advantages. The unique raw material provides a variable cost advantage. As well, the seasonal variation in human blood supply would not affect BPC’s supply of raw materials as it would for its competitors. Hp, while a valuable resource for BPC, cannot be considered a sustainable competitive advantage due to its two competitors. Its lower-cost production process allows BPC to position itself as a lower-cost producer. However, this would be difficult to take advantage of as it will have to take the price set by the market leader. While this would still provide for higher margins, the percentage gain would be minimal compared to the otherwise high margins.

The company is seriously interested in pursuing an IPO, which could be greatly enhanced with a product in the marketplace generating revenue, an established customer base and experience in producing large amounts of blood substitute in its facilities. As well, the revenues from an Og launch could generate additional funds for the future launch of Hp.






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Independence from England

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When the Revolutionary War started, the colonists didn’t even think about declaring independence. They wanted to stay a part of their mother-land England. They just wanted to be thought of the same way in return. They wanted to be recognized in the eyes of the English Parliament. They even sent out a petition to the King of England asking for the blood shed to be stopped. The King refused to even read it and said that he wanted the colonies to be taken care of. This was the beginning of the colonies wanting to declare their independence from England.

The Congress of the America’s acted much like a regular government. They took command of the army and after King George declined their petition, their only choices were to either yield or fight. They appointed George Washington as the head of the Continental Army. Patrick Henry protested about how their rights as British citizens were being violated.

Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen took over Fort Ticonderoga. There they would gain all the supplies that the Americans found hard to find. They needed supplies because English ships weren’t selling them and infantry. They went up to the door and knocked and very nicely told them that they were being taken over. They didn’t use force or anything. After this little victory, they decided to go to Canada and see if they could take over the English up there. But this only showed the English that the Americans were not good on the offence.

In America there were still loyalists to England. They didn’t want this going on. They didn’t want independence they just wanted to stay under the rule of the English. They had felt that the King was almost like a father to them. They didn’t want to disobey their king some of them would help out the British. Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, was the last loyalist governor. He got the slaves to fight for the British




There were many attacks on the Americans. The British naval units were brought within shelling range of Breeds Hill. Under the command of General William Howe, there were over 00 English soldiers. They departed fro Boston. In Charleston, they had burnt the city. The American general Prescott told the soldiers not to fire “until they see the whites of their eyes.” This was because again, the Americans didn’t have a lot of ammunition.

When the colonies decided to declare independence from England, they chose Thomas Jefferson to write the first draft. Jefferson believed that people had the right to create a government. He thought that this government should protect people’s unalienable rights to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” He wanted to prove that the British had violated their right.

Thomas Jefferson didn’t do this by himself. He had help. He had drawn excerpts from people’s statements over the years and expressed them. He had drew from “Common Sense” by Thomas Paine. In his pamphlet, he attacked the idea of reconciliation with England. He directed his anger at King George and not at the Parliament. He felt that people, through their representatives would have supreme power. Thomas Paine was the first man to openly suggest independence from Britain.

John Adams and Benjamin Franklin also played a part in the Declaration of Independence. They were a part of the committee that would revise and re-write the declaration after Jefferson had finished. They all had their own opinions on what the document would say to the Americans and to the English. They wanted it to be clear that the colonies would be on their own and not under the rule of England.

So in the end, the colonies were declared free from England. They had won the Revolutionary War and had finally been recognized as independent by the English. They had accepted the claim of the Northwest Territory and also the fishing rights off of Newfoundland. They had also promised protection concerning the property and rights of the loyalists. America was finally free.



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me myself and i

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this is me myslef and i amd i do not have a good essay right now but i can update and change it later


Johannes from Mathematics Teaching In The Middle School vol. no. pg 70


This article was almost inspirational to me. It showed a different way to use portfolios as well as to get parents more involved in their children’s education. This article was about using portfolios in math as a tool for better assessment of students. It talks about how portfolios show both the strength and weaknesses of the child but more than that the progress the child has made throughout the year. Instead of having a one chance test the student has the opportunity to really master a concept and see through the changing portfolio how much he or she has grown. The point of the portfolio was to put more weight on the progress of the students than the final answer and not try to focus so much on a letter grade as well as bring the home and school closer together.


To make the portfolio curriculum the math teachers designed a standard based strategy but not in the traditional way. Instead of starting with the lesson the started with the goal wand worked their way backwards to create an interactive plan for the kids to do to reach it. In this case the teachers already knew that they wanted the kids to learn information needed for the standards. So they just worked from there on how to achieve that goal through what assignments to give and methods to use in teaching. As I was reading this I thought what a wonderful idea it would be to use this in my classroom. Using a portfolio seems like a good assessment tool as well as a way to help the kids in class stay organized and on top of their work. As the article points out it is a way to see who may need not help or a different method of teaching as well as who can move onto more challenging things. I think that it can be a risky thing to do as well though. If you yourself are not organized than the portfolio project may collapse and you will have a hard time trying to rework your curriculum. To make the portfolios work you would need to have a lot of patience and a lot of time. When talking about the steps for an assessment about Kristine Britton’s class working with different size pipe cleaners trying to make triangles it was very objective at times and seemed very time consuming. I think that is a good thing to know before going into something like this.


Help with essay on me myself and i

The article also talked about how the portfolio was used to bring the students closer with their parents. As part of the portfolio the children had to go home and show their parents the portfolio and together they had to fill out a form about it. With this


“Portfolios and a Backward Approach to Assessment” by Kristine Britton and Jennifer Johannes from Mathematics Teaching In The Middle School vol. no. pg 70


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i will later

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When i was a little kid, i often thought about how much school would be great once i was in high school, now ive come to realize that i was completely wrong in every single possible way. Especially spanish sucks. If i had dollar for every line ive recited from something written by Palinuk or Kerouak, I might have 40 bucks. Wow, im starting to think this is really not worth i=t to write an essay just so i can look at one thing for a reasearch paper i have to do, its not like im going to use it, that wouldnt be right, i just want to see how others have done it. I could probobly jus sit here and type the letter A all over and over again 50 times, but even i would get a little bored with that. Here, now is the part where I rant about how stipid boys and boyfriends are and sound like some 1 ear old girl that wears pink barrets, acts punk and has no idea what shes talking about. Are we at 50 yet? No i doubt it, but that wold be good. But yes, boys are no the smartest, and they can be trusted with anything, especially anything that belongs to you...especially your heart. Because they will take everything they can, on purpose or not and they will not be sorry at all, and you will regret for the rest of your life falling in stupid love with them. Because one day everything will be going fine then one day they do something so little and insignifigant that it pisses you off and sends you into a downward spiral of depresion, anxiety and hurt. YOu feel like they have ripped out your still beating heart and trampped on it right after they kissed you goodnight.


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King of the Flights

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This antithesis between the awful certitude of will-driven instinct and the fancy-prone irresolution of human reason provides the animating tension of Hawk Roosting. The hooked head and hooked feet of the predator represent, like the human brain, organic objectifications of the rapacious will, but they are free from the falsifying dream that debilitates the brain and causes it to send delayed or faulty commands to the extremities by which it survives. One aspect of this dream is the tendency to construe surroundings aesthetically rather than strategically. Phenomena that we find pleasant or exhilarating - the high trees. . . . the airs buoyancy and the suns ray - are of advantage to the hawk in its hunt for prey. Schopenhauer finds enormous value in absorbed aesthetic contemplation precisely because it releases the contemplator, for the moment, from the stringent urgencies of will, enabling him or her to become the pure subject of will-less knowing and thus to be taken out of the stream of time and of all other relations (World 1 17). Hughess poem as aesthetic artifact embodies this phenomenon, but simultaneously subverts it by explicitly reinstating the ascendancy of the anticontemplative, aggressively immediate will. This is a point to which I will return later in considering Hughess artistic development in a Schopenhauerian light.


This antithesis between the awful certitude of will-driven instinct and the fancy-prone irresolution of human reason provides the animating tension of Hawk Roosting. The hooked head and hooked feet of the predator represent, like the human brain, organic objectifications of the rapacious will, but they are free from the falsifying dream that debilitates the brain and causes it to send delayed or faulty commands to the extremities by which it survives. One aspect of this dream is the tendency to construe surroundings aesthetically rather than strategically. Phenomena that we find pleasant or exhilarating - the high trees. . . . the airs buoyancy and the suns ray - are of advantage to the hawk in its hunt for prey. Schopenhauer finds enormous value in absorbed aesthetic contemplation precisely because it releases the contemplator, for the moment, from the stringent urgencies of will, enabling him or her to become the pure subject of will-less knowing and thus to be taken out of the stream of time and of all other relations (World 1 17). Hughess poem as aesthetic artifact embodies this phenomenon, but simultaneously subverts it by explicitly reinstating the ascendancy of the anticontemplative, aggressively immediate will. This is a point to which I will return later in considering Hughess artistic development in a Schopenhauerian light.


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Some Like it Hot

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Some Like It Hot


Some Like It Hot was really truely one of the best comedies I have seen in a long time. Wilder had an incredible


sense of humor in this one. Wilder managed to keep the jokes pretty clean and innocent considering the storyline with two men


being trapped with a bunch of beautiful women. The violence with the mob killings was made delightful and even somewhat


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humorous, with the two men constantly getting trapped in the middle of all the shootings. The costume designs and lighting


really are fabolous, in my opinion. You really get a look at what it was like back in those days. I think Marilyn Monroe did


an incredible job. Even though she was given what should have been a supporting role, her acts actually ended up being the main


attraction. Reviewer Frank Gentile said, working with Marilyn was probably like going to the dentist, it was hell at the time, but the end result made it worth it. This is one of the funniest, seamlessly crafted, classic movies of all time. Overall, this film was fantastic. I know I could watch it over and over and still laugh at the same scenes.





This movie was typical of Wilder in quite a few aspects. Obviously it was once again in many ways revolved around money. It was in many ways what one would call cynical, which is one term most people associate Wilder with. Wilder however really makes his audience once again relate to the characters. You end up at some level seeing yourself in them and becoming kind of fond on the characters and their flaws. This film is typical Wilder because he once again doesnt give us a real romantic film, instead he gives us a clear eyed view of how certain things really are or were. Wilder always has his characters flinging wise jokes at one another and they are always very self involved, Some Like It Hot definitely lives up to this fact.


My favorite scene is at the very beginning, when the mobsters are in the car and the camera is on them with a close up shot.


It then switches to a long shot of the police coming after them. The two both take shots at each other driving through the city like


race car drivers, just like you would see today in a movie. Finally the mobsters make get away and there is a tracking shot of them


carrying the precious casket, full of alcohol, out of the car.





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The development of Athenian democracy during 500-440 bc.

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1)Account for the development of Athenian democracy during this period.


Introduction �


The democratization of Athens occurred during the period of 500 � 450 BC. However, it is hard to know the exact date of these changes as no one ancient source talks of these changes in detail. The first to bring about these changes was Kleisthenes (although, he’s reforms were not made in this period), with Kleisthenes Reforms, however more changes were to come with the development of a “radical democracy” within Athens. Futhermore, changes were made the offices of the Strategoi, Aeropagus, Archons, Ekklesia, and the Boule.


Body �


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§ Kleisthenes made reforms (divided Athens into 10 tribes, Boule taken to 500 rather than 400, Boule position = selection by lot, and Ekklesia gained in power), which broke the ‘stranglehold’ of the aristocrats, and gave favour to the lower social classes.


§ Democracy was further increased by the development of Athens into a sea based power rather than a land based one � as now the lower class, the Thetes, gained political standing (it was seen that power should be in the hands of who is most able to defend the state).


§ With the introduction of ordinary citizens being able to have greater participation in government, Athens was yet again further democratized as more changes were made to the government.


§ This created what is referred to as a ‘radical democracy,’ as now selection was by lot (excluding the Strategoi), there was office rotation (excluding the Strategoi and Boule, meant no politician could constantly hold office and receive state pay), collegiality (collective share of power), and payment for services (which meant the lower classes were now able to take higher political positions as they had a stable income).


§ What came next was the introduction of popular courts, magistrate limitation, Ekklesia, Boule, and Law Courts giving more ‘people’ rights, and the dismissal of government participation pre-requisites.


§ The Ekklesia was given the role of choosing the Archons, and therefore having greater say in military matters.


§ Archons lost most of powers, which were given to the Strategos.


§ Strategos gained ultimate military power, however, as controlled both the land and the sea military forces in times of war.


§ The Strategos was, therefore, the most highly sought after position, as not only did it have supreme military power, but domestic as well (able to convene and preside over the meetings of the Ekklesia, and it was also the only position open for vote by the people � therefore, if one could appeal to the public, one could remain strategoi for a lifetime.


§ However, the disagreements, which were sure to happen between the strategoi, led to the passing of ostracism.


§ All levels of society were now open to government positions.


Evidence �


§ “Kleisthenes enacted new [laws] with the aim of winning the people’s favour,” Aristotle.


§ “From steadfast hoplites into sea tossed mariners,” Plutarch.


§ “the control of policy now passed into the hands of sailors and boatswains,” Plutarch.


§ “they selected…archons by lot…Previously, the archons had all been elected by vote,” Aristotle.


§ “Athens’ naval empire had proved to be the mother of democracy,” Plutarch.


Conclusion �


Therefore, the new radical democracy saw the age-old tradition of only the aristocratic being able to hold office, be dismissed � excluding military matters.





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Forces of Influences and Framing a Problem

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Abstract In this paper, I will discuss Critical Thinking Styles and Forces of influence. I will describe the setting, frame the problem in two different ways, each reflecting specific forces of influences. I will describe the types of thinking used and examine other forces that influenced the way the problem was framed. How do we accept each other’s differences and still get anything done?


Decision-making often comes from people’s experience, thinking, and preferences. Sometimes a decision can make perfect sense in theory, but it may not work in real life situation. To make a good decision requires critical thinking skills. How the management of a company makes decisions has a big impact on the outcome. Some years ago, a manager of our company made a decision and refused an employee time away from work to care for her child. This decision raised some issues in our workplace.


The day started off as any typical Monday morning and things were going as usual. Associates were getting coffee, discussing what they did over the weekend, and preparing their desks for the start of the day. Unexpectedly, a crying noise was heard from one of the associates. Immediately, a few concerned associates approached her and asked was there a problem? At first, the individual was little hesitant to expose what had occurred because it was private. After a little coaxing, from another associate, she explained. The associates had a sick child and needed time away from the office to care for the child. She said, while explaining why she need time off, the manager abruptly stopped her and said she would need time to determine if the weeks needed away would be granted. The following day, the employee spoke with the manager and told request denied without any explanation.


Another manager department who had excellent reasoning skills heard of the incident and tried to console the individual. The manger explained to the associate he would speak with her manager and try to determine why the problem. He also advised he would do some checking if any type of exception could be made. A meeting was held, immediately after the two managers spoke. The associate’s manager was being very persuasive while giving her valid reasons how she arrived at her decision. She explained that it was in the best interest of the department to decline the request because of a large assignment due. She went on and explained granting the request other associates would have to work overtime to meet their target date. Some associates thought her reasoning were legitimate. Some thought she was being very creative by acting as if the department was in her best interest and the declination was valid. In addition, she reminded everyone that she was empowered to make decisions, right or wrong and that was something everyone would have to deal with. She indicated she was the manager and was accountable of the work and she was doing her job. After that comment, the meeting was out of control. Associates threatened to quit and a few walked out. Some did not want any involvement in what was occurring. The associate accused the manager of being a racist. The two were arguing uncontrollably. The team leader made every attempt to calm them, but was not very effective. Because, the power to make decisions was the manager, she screamed and said it was her department and she had made the decision and it was final. This irritated the team leader and she asked if the two could have a meeting with a Human Resource representative with the associate. She explained as team leader, it was her duty everyone is treated fairly and with respect. She made it very clear to the manager her judgment was not logically thought out and was not acceptable. Following that remark, the meeting ended and the department manager, the team leader, and associate went to the Human Resource department.


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The Human Resource representative, manager, team leader, and the associate met. She offered everyone an opportunity to convey his or her version of the story as she listened attentively to every one. Afterwards, she sat quietly and began to speak in a very polite but firm tone. She expressed her disappointment to the manger. She said the situation was handled poorly and not in a professional manner. She apologized to the associate and the team leader of the mistakes made. She commented the ordeal could have been avoided if the manager had discussed the situation with the associate alone. If there was a problem that the manager felt she could not handle, she should have gotten HR involved immediately instead of involving the department. She said, displaying a firm attitude was not the answer to this particular problem. She did not consider the negative factors involved in her decision. She could have considered other options. She went on to explain the manager should not have had a meeting discussing the associate’s problem in front of the team. It was a private matter and should have stayed that way. Being in a management position, rational thinking should have been practiced. She explained the assignment should not have been compared to a sick child. It was unsympathetic of the manager.


Next, she spoke to the associate. She apologized and expressed her concern in regards to her sick child. She told her she would do whatever to grant the requested time needed to care for the child. She informed there would be a salary reduction. The associate was very appreciative and thanked the representative for being so empathetic in her time of need.


Finally, the human resource manager praised the team leader for her efforts. She told how courageous she was to jeopardize her position for someone else. She also told her not to worry that no one would reprimand her. Her final remarks were everyone makes wrong decisions from time to time. But, by developing decision-making skills, one can increase their success on a personal or professional level by having compassion for the other person and treating the other how you would like to be treated.


In conclusion, to base any decision on personal perspective or opinions without taking the time to analyze the situation is risky. If the resource manger had not solved the situation, it could have resulted in losses for the company or even a law suite. One factor that was definitely an influence was the manager’s inability to reason logically with her associates. Being a manager, she probably thought she could make any decision without any repercussion. Other factors that could have had an influence on the problem was one of the individuals was white and the other black. Race participated in this situation because it was openly expressed. The associate felt the manger declined her request because of her race.


How do we accept each other’s differences and still get anything completed? In order to solve problems and get the job done, an individual would need to put their differences aside and made the right decision. Race, culture, gender, religion, economic statutes etc. should not have an influence on how a problem is solved. When people are put in position of authority, to make decisions, they should be receptive. One should not judge others by jumping to conclusions without gathering all of the facts. People should understand bad decisions are made consciously and unconsciously. Decisions should be based on information and facts that are relevant to the problem. If something is not understood, seek advice from others who know more about the details of the problem. We should not be afraid to admit things we do not know. All resources available should be used. We need to accept individuals have different personality types have and relate to decision-making strategies differently. Most importantly, we all know in some cases, two or more heads can be better than one. Learning how to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of others, we can get things done!




















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