Is Oedipus a Fool to the gods or a Man of Free Will

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The events in Oedipus Rex written by Sophocles show an underlying relationship of man’s free will existing within the cosmic order or fate that the Greeks believed guided the universe. Fate, controlled by the gods, can be defined as an inevitable outcome or a cause determining events. Although Oedipus was a victim of fate, he wasn’t completely controlled by it. In order for Sophocles’ play to be categorized as tragic, the tragic hero had to have some sort of flaw. The tragic hero’s flaws are the qualities that ultimately lead to his downfall. Fate and freewill play a large role in the rise and fall of the protagonist. The protagonist in the play has to either cause the fall by his own free will or by fate causing it. Without these two elements, there would be no fall of the protagonist in a tragic play and thus the writer’s aim of giving the audience emotions of pity and fear leading them to experience a feeling of catharsis or purgation wouldn’t be achieved and there would be no suspense or action to build up the climax in which case the character flaws of Oedipus work in tandem with fate to take the tragedy to its climax. The major theme explored in Oedipus Rex is that fate and character are intertwined in which case Oedipus is not only fated to perform such detestable acts but it is his very behaviour that leads him to doing these that determines his fate. Thus Oedipus’ fate as well as his hamartia, or character flaws, work as antagonists in this tragedy.

Oedipus is a man of swift action. At the opening of the play we see that this quality makes him an excellent ruler who anticipates his subjects’ needs. When the citizens of Thebes beg him to do something about the plague, Oedipus is one step ahead of them as he has already sent Creon to the Delphic oracle for advice. But later, we see that Oedipus’ habit of acting swiftly has a dangerous side. When he tells the story of killing the band of travellers who attempted to shove him off the three-way crossroads, Oedipus shows that he has the capacity to behave rashly. This rashness is also revealed in the prologue when he publicly swears to find and punish Laios’ murderer which later assists his tragic fall as he lack the prudence to wait and see who the murderer is. Oedipus’ swiftness continues throughout the play as he interrogates Creon, calls for Teiresias, refers to him as a ‘wicked old man’ (line 1), threatens to banish Creon after calling him a ‘murderer’ (line 505), calls for the servant who escaped the attack on Laios as well as the shepherd who was given the baby from Queen Jocasta, rushes to the palace to stab his eyes out on finding out the truth and finally, demands to be exiled.

Oedipus’ erroneous judgemental errors are another major constituent leading to his downfall. For instance, when Oedipus interrogates Teiresias about the murderer’s identity, Teiresias prefers to keep silent as he doesn’t want to be the cause of Oedipus’ ruin. Oedipus on the other hand, interprets Teiresias’ silence as treachery. He labels him a villain and calls him a ‘wicked old man’ (line 1). He also considers him to be a conspirator along with Creon who he calls a ‘murderer’ (line 505). As a result, he fails to heed Teiresias’ advice and warning against continuing the investigation. The accusations he hurls at Teiresias and Creon are completely unjustified. Also, when Jocasta realizes that Oedipus is her real son and that the prophecy has come true, she desperately tries to stop Oedipus from continuing with his investigations as she pleads ‘listen I beg you do not do this thing’ (line 1008). But the adamant ruler pays no heed thinking that she is concerned whether or not he will be of humble birth. Thus, Sophocles shows the defects of an otherwise ideal ruler. An instance of hamartia or character flaw is presented here.

Oedipus not only makes hasty and wrong judgements about the prophet and his brother in law, Creon, but he is also scornful in dealing with an important authority like Teiresias. The aforementioned instances of how Oedipus treats Creon and Teiresias can also be considered when viewing another one of Oedipus’ tragic flaws which lead to his downfall and play a role in Oedipus’ free will being that Oedipus is a proud figure who doesn’t take advice well and possesses traits of being impetuous and short-tempered. Teiresias is reluctant to reveal the dreadful secret that the murderer whom Oedipus is seeking so desperately is none other than Oedipus himself yet Oedipus’ hounding forces him to speak. Although Teiresias speaks the truth, it is only the audience who knows that he is right while an angry and arrogant Oedipus adamantly refuses to believe what Teiresias says and instead, brands him a traitor. He is also arrogant when denouncing Teiresias’ prophetic capabilities. In addition, after realizing the prophecy had come true, Jocasta begs him to let the mystery go unsolved as she cries ‘Everything that I say is for your own good!’ (line 1010). Oedipus replies ‘My own good. Snaps my patience then; I want none of it’ (line 1011). In is in his own vain that he must solve the final riddle of his own life. It is Oedipus’ impetuous and short-tempered nature that lands him in a fight with Laios at the crossroads. The consequence is that he kills Laios. Oedipus has killed his father and thereby fulfilled the first part of the oracle. Fate has played its trick assisted by the very nature of Oedipus.




Oedipus’ character is controlled by fate yet at the same time his impulsive and short tempered nature contributes to his fate. Oedipus’ disastrous outcome wasn’t totally controlled by his free will. The actions leading to Oedipus’ outcome which occurred before he ran away from Corinth weren’t caused by Oedipus’ free will but by other forces controlled by fate. For one thing, his being brought to Corinth and raised by the Corinthian king and queen was due to the actions of the Theban and Corinthian shepherds. Another point to consider is the fact that Oedipus’ free will didn’t have anything to do with him hearing a drunken fool calling him a bastard which lead to Oedipus heading to the Delphic oracle to question his true identity. It also wasn’t Oedipus’ free will that prevented his adoptive parents from telling him the truth about his identity in which case if Oedipus had known the truth, he wouldn’t have run away to Thebes to try to escape his fate. When Oedipus tears his eyes out, he is accepting the full burden of his acts and knew that he must be punished for his sins. Therefore, the last act of destruction was caused by Oedipus’ free will but his tragic fate came about because of the gods intervening in human affairs. Also, when the chorus asks Oedipus what god urged him to blind himself, we notice how he realizes that although the gods control his fate, his free will also contributed to his tragic outcome as he replies ‘the god was Apollo. He brought my sick fate upon me. But the blinding had was my own’ (line 186-187) in which case he claims responsibility for his actions. Initially, Oedipus is portrayed as a responsible king. As we watch the play, we learn that he had previously saved the kingdom from the torture of the Sphinx and thus his impulse of solving riddles came in handy as it served a good cause. However, this good fortune is only an illusion rather than a reality.

Oedipus’ unyielding desire to uncover the truth about Laios’ murder and the mystery surrounding his own birth is a major character flaw that led him to the tragic realization of his horrific deeds. Again, the previous examples can be taken into account in considering Oedipus’ character flaw in which case Oedipus ignored Teiresias and Jocasta who tried to stop him from pursuing the truth as the previous results may be unpleasant but he stubbornly continues on his unrelenting quest for the truth. Oedipus treats Teiresias respectfully at first because he believed that he had the answers to solve the mystery of Laios’ murder. When Teiresias told Oedipus that he was the murderer, he became enraged and calls him a liar. He is unable to stop his quest for the truth even under his wife’s pleading. Oedipus’ impulse to solve mysteries takes him to Delphi to seek the truth about his parentage. It is also the impulse to solve the riddle of the Sphinx that brings him to Thebes where he ends up marrying the widowed Queen Jocasta. By marrying his mother, the second part of the oracle is fulfilled aided by Oedipus’ nature. The persistence of Oedipus is heightened when he attempts to solve the riddle of his own life and yet is denied the truth by the shepherd who pray to Oedipus not to continue digging into the mystery ‘ For God’s love my King, do not ask me any more!’ (line 1100). Although the Theban shepherd is reluctant to talk, Oedipus grills him with questions to the point of threatening him with death if he doesn’t tell the truth as he harshly replies ‘You are a dead man if I have to ask you again’ (line 1101). Due to his unquenchable thirst for solving riddles, Oedipus has brought ruin upon himself and his household but he is also fearless as he doesn’t back down from his quest although he fears the worst. Oedipus expresses his fears about Teiresias’ prophecies and accusations. He then expresses his suspicion of having murdered King Laios. The Corinthian messenger asks Oedipus to take the kingship of Corinth but Oedipus expresses his reluctance as he fears his fate according to which he will marry his own mother.

Another factor ultimately contributing to Oedipus’ destruction is his insolence towards the gods. He ran away from his home in Corinth in hopes of outsmarting the gods’ divine will as he sought ways to escape the horrible destiny told by Apollo’s oracle. Rather than face his fate, he attempts to run from it thereby defying the gods. This is also evident when he remarks ‘Why should a man give heed to the birds that jangle above his head?’ (line 415-416), in which case he refers to the prophetic signs of the gods sarcastically after finding out his presumed father died a natural death and not by his own hands as prophesised. The consequences of defying the gods is hinted throughout the play as the chorus warns us of man’s need to have reverence for the gods and the dangers of too much pride as they remark ‘The tyrant is a child of pride who drinks from his great sickening cup, wreckless and vanity, until from his high crest headlong he plummets to the dust of hope’. The chorus uses figurative language to deepen the meaning of their words and emphacise the consequences of arrogance and pride provoking the ire of the gods in which case if a man steps beyond what is his destiny, he may be struck down. The chorus has also personified pride as the parent of the tyrant and metaphorically compares recklessness and vanity as liquids the tyrant drinks. In addition, the chorus metaphorically compares the tyrant’s good fortune to the crest of a mountain while his downfall is compared to a fall from the crest of a mountain. The chorus conclude this tragedy with their last words of wiseness by warning the Greeks that the only way to find happiness is through humility and respect towards the gods. Thus Oedipus atones for his sinful existence through self-infliction and self-exile. It is through this vain that he discovers humility and reverence for the gods. Earlier in the play, Oedipus is shown to be an impetuous and arrogant man who defies all who don’t agree with him. By the end of the play, a new Oedipus has emerged who has been humbled and who has been accountable for his sins regardless of whether or not he has inflicted them consciously or not. Oedipus was guilty of killing his father and marrying his mother but perhaps the true sin lay in his over zealous attempt to raise himself to the level of the gods by trying to escape his fate. Although Oedipus had taken the prophecy seriously, he would’ve avoided conflicts or interactions with older people. Instead, he acts in a rash manner. In attempting to escape the fate ordained him by the prophecy, Oedipus brought ruin upon himself and the kingdom of Thebes.

Both concepts of fate and free will played and integral part in Oedipus’ destruction. Oedipus’ fate ruined his life and lead him to a horrible death. however, Oedipus took many actions leading to his downfall and carried the seeds of his destruction within himself. Thus, Oedipus’ destiny is engendered by his own character defects. His temper and impetuous nature and his pride as well as his erroneous judgement all contribute to his eventual downfall. These character defects are governed by his fate and in turn aid his fate to take its course towards his destruction.



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Beowulf

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Beowolf compared to Superman

Beowulf, the Epic poem, describes the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon time. The hero, Beowulf, an invincible person with all the traits required of a hero. He is able to use his super-human physical strength and courage to put his and other people before himself. He encounters hideous monsters and the most ferocious of beasts, but he never fears the threat of death. He is so brave that he is even able to boast about all his achievements. Beowulf is the ultimate epic hero who risks his life countless times for immortal glory and for the good of others. He is very much like the heroic supermen of today’s world. Superman, for example, possesses extraordinary strength, power, and courage as tradition would demand; but stands up courageaouesly to any weapon man could use against him.

Beowulf is a hero in the eyes of his fellow men through his amazing physical strength. He fought in numerous battles and returned victorious from all but his last. In his argument with Unferth, Beowulf explains the reason he lost a swimming match with his youthful opponent Brecca. Not only had Beowulf been swimming for seven nights, he had also stopped to kill nine sea monsters in the depths of the ocean. Beowulf is also strong enough to kill the monster Grendel, who has been terrorizing the Danes for twelve years, with his bare hands by ripping off his arm. When Beowulf is fighting Grendels mother, who is seeking revenge on her sons death, he is able to slay her by slashing the monsters neck with a Giants sword that can only be lifted by a person as strong as Beowulf. When he chops off Grendel’s head, he carries it from the ocean with ease, but it takes four men to lift and carry it back to Herot mead-hall. This strength is a key trait of Beowulfs heroism. Superman is the “Man of Steel.” Clark discovers, he could easily hurdle a twenty story building, raise unbelievable weights, run faster then an express train, and that nothing less then a bursting shell could penetrate his skin. Of course Beowulf may not be as invincible, but sure is strong.

Another heroic trait of Beowulf is his ability to put his people’s welfare before his own. Beowulfs uncle is king of the Geats so he ask to be sent to help rid the Danes of the evil Grendel. Beowulf risks his own life for the Danes, asking help from no one. He realizes the dangers , but fears nothing for his own life. After Beowulf had served his people as King of the Geats for fifty years, he goes to battle one last time to fight a horrible dragon who is killing all of his people. Beowulf is old and tired, but he defeats the dragon in order to protect his people. There ends the life of this great hero




.Beowulf as a Reflection of Anglo-Saxon Values

In history, evil has reigned supreme across the world. Some people say that being evil is in every human. If this is true, then writing and movies and videogames are the ultimate way of releasing hatred of the world without hurting anyone. In Beowulf, all of societys evil can be personified within the demons of Cain. The main demon presented in Beowulf is Grendel. Grendel is the exact opposite of what the Anglo-Saxons held dear. Beowulf, the storys hero, is what every Anglo-Saxon strove to become in their lifetime. Grendel is constantly angry, afraid and unsure of himself; while Beowulf is fearless and loyal to his king.

Through Grendels own hatred and anger, he brings his own downfall. The monster has his roots in the vile creature Cain. Since Grendel is a descendant of Cain, he can never feel the love of God or of people. Through his hatred and fear, Grendel seals his own fate. Anger then leads itself to insecurity and low self-esteem. The moment Grendel realizes that there is someone just as strong as him, he tries to run away, but it is too late. Just like when the common meets his match, he runs in fear of not being able to win. Grendel does not have the audacity to stand up to Beowulf with all his might and therefore falls to Beowulf.

The exact opposite of the points mentioned thus far are made manifest within the character of Beowulf. Beowulf is easily able to defeat Grendel once Grendel has lost all hope of winning. Beowulf is also, instead of insecure and under-confident, overly confident and a braggart. The boasting would come naturally to any ancient Anglo-Saxon, if they had done a great deed. Thus Beowulf is a symbol of the good in peoples hearts for all time. All in all, Beowulf is a first-class example of how Anglo-Saxons lived their life. From Herot to the demons lurking within the earth, this epic poem was passed down orally from generation to generation in meetings and social gatherings. It is a feat in itself that this work of literature has survived the ages, even in print.

4 .Good and evil is one of the main conflicts in the poem Beowulf.

Beowulf and Grendel Good and Evil

Good and evil has existed throughout time. Heroes have defended the righteous, as villains were bent on destruction. This story represents these qualities in both main characters. The struggle began when God allowed Satan dominion over the earth. Since then the battle between them has been recorded throughout literary history. Some of the heroes that have challenged Satan did so to protect the weak. Others fought for fame and glory.

Beowulf, as a conquering hero, destroyed all the monsters in the sea as well as the giants. He has done this for fame and glory; not to protect those people threatened by these foul creatures. He is a killing addict that is constantly on a quest for a new fix. He must do this to achieve his ultimate goal. That is to be famous. He wants the scops to sing about him. He wants to be known by everyone in the world. This is his only purpose in life.

The theme of good vs. evil that is present in the story of Beowulf, has become the classic foundation of many modern stories. Beowulf and Grendel represent the ultimate struggle of good and evil. Grendel tries to destroy everything around him. To Beowulf, this is another conquest. It allows him to do yet another good deed that people will talk about.

Beowulf represents God and Grendel is Satan.

The struggle between God and Satan has existed throughout time. Beowulf is all that is good, moral, and ethical. He lives by the rules of God. Grendel denounces those rules to live by his own. Thinking only of that which gives him pleasure, he attempts to destroy everything good and kind. Beowulf is like a parent and Grendel is like a child whom he scolds. The characters of Beowulf and Grendel are represented in stories throughout history. They represent the classic struggle of good and evil. There will always be the hero looking for fame and glory. There will always be a monster that, acting like an overgrown child, throws a temper tantrum insisting on having everything their way and destroys everything that opposes them.



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York Thailand Marketing Management

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Executive Summary

A depth understanding is being made about the product especially the company itself. York, a multinational enterprise is, of course, without its flaw as well as its success story. York is the trading firm where it receives the product form aero master, the Sister Company as the manufacturer as well. The product line that I have decided to select is the Unitary Product Group which consist the various types of mini-splits, use for both residential and commercial market. Objectives, the purpose of the company are being stated although some of the parts are confidential and cannot use in this report. This is the case for many of the parts in these reports, so I tried to write as much as was allowed by the company.

In order to stay competitive and gain competitive leverage, some of the strategies the company uses concentrate on customer-based oriented. To achieve in this current dynamic market environment, it is essential to analyze what the customers or consumer needs are and find out ways that our products can deliver those desired needs.

Careful analysis of the five forces which determines the well being of the company are done in order to derive the SWOT analysis which is later used to develop our marketing strategies which are analyzed according to the element of marketing mix for more clarification. Recommendations will made according to what has been analyzed in our strategy analysis to better serve the customers by providing such tactics as provide attractive incentives such as high percentage of sales rate to induce those customers, namely the wholesalers, retailers or contractors to carry and try to sell our products. This will support the third objectives of the company and that is to increase the distribution outlet of 15% each year.




York Company profile

York International

York International was formally established in 1874 in the United States. The company was firstly successful in China and Britain, while the growth rate was rapidly increasing in the Asia-Pacific regions. For more than 10 years that York has expanded and developed to be the leader in the cooling system technology, nowadays, York is number one in the manufacturing, marketing and servicing the air conditioning system in the world market. There are evidences of these claims. York has designed and installed the air conditioning system in the most important places such as Empire State, World Trade Center New York, Opera House Australia, NASA, and many famous international airports. Moreover, since 160, York’s air conditioning system was installed during Olympic Games, also the recent Olympic Games at Sydney, Australia in the year 000.

York International is the largest independent supplier of heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) products in the United Stated and leading competitor globally. York designs, manufactures, sells and services heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, and compressors for residential and commercial markets; gas compression equipment for industrial processing; industrial and commercial refrigeration equipment; and compressors for air conditioning and refrigeration applications.

The Unitary Products Group designs manufactures and distributes a full line of cooling and heating systems which can be found in private homes, apartments and small commercial facilities. Products include ducted central air conditioning and heating system (air conditioners, heat pumps, and furnaces), light commercial heating and cooling equipment, ductless mini splits, and reciprocating and scroll OEM compressors (for original equipment manufacturers and for sale by wholesale distributors). The company emphasizes operating efficiencies and compactness in its highly reliable products and systems. Products, parts and systems are sold through independent distributors and company-owned branches. Compressors are sold directly to other OEM manufacturers.

Engineered Systems Products group include cooling and heating system which are custom engineered to meet specific customer needs and applications. This group of products include air-cooled and water cooled commercial chillers, central air handling equipment, variable air volume units and control equipment to monitor and control cooling systems, marine systems (chilled water systems for use on U.S., British and French naval vessels), and after market services (retrofit and replacement of systems and routine, emergency and performance improvement services.

Much like Engineered Systems products, the products in the Refrigeration Products Group are custom designed to meet specific needs and applications. The wide range of products include crew and reciprocating compressors, condensers, evaporators, heat transfer equipment and pressure vessels, spiral, tunnel and plate freezers, packaged refrigeration systems, hygienic air handling and distribution systems and distribution system, and automated plant control systems, as well as gas compression and Co system for the oil, gas and petrochemical industries. Refrigeration systems are essential in textile, electronic, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, food and beverage, and much other process cooling operations, and in maintaining these products in warehouses, distribution centers and retail outlets. York supplies a substantial portion of the vital refrigeration systems used in industrial and food processing applications throughout the world.

At present, the head office of York International is at Pennsylvania, USA. And there are the manufacturing bases in more than 0 countries worldwide. Furthermore, there are more than 700 office branches in more than 10 countries.

York Thailand

As York noticed Thailand as one of the potential markets in Asia, therefore, the company expands another branch in Thailand under the name “York Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Inc.,” in 11 where it is the distributing and servicing center. The management and administration are organized by all Thai people who are well trained in each particular function. All the new technologies are transferred form the head office in the States. Therefore, the quality control and product improvement would be as good as the international standard. Nowadays, York Thailand is famous and well-know in product quality and the best services as responding to Thai market.

Current Market Situation

The company started selling in Thailand since 11. Its competitors “Mitsubishi” who is market leader hold 0% of the market share, “Carrier” hold 1% of the market share and “National” hold 10% of the market share.

In 001, Air-Conditioner market contained about 50,000 units, value 7,000 million Thai baht that decrease from last year 0%. In the Air-Conditioner market, the portion of large-scale air-conditioner is 1,400 million baht, Medium scale air-conditioner 800 million baht and small-scale air-conditioner at 5,800 million baht. The large scale and medium scale was decrease by 0-80% this year. However the small scale Air- Conditioner only reduces by 10%.

The major factor for the decrease in air-conditioner is Economic crisis and every manufacturer have to mark up the price 5-0% more from the value added tax and the increase of raw material price from the devaluation of baht. All these lead to lower purchasing power.

Customer’s needs

Customer needs air conditioner at lowest price possible with qualified specification according to their needs. As in Thailand, there are increase air pollution and increase in temperature so; customers are looking for air-conditioner that has air filter and high speed of cooling the room.

Buying Behavior

Customers that buy their own house usually have air conditioner. Number of air-conditioner in their place depends on the number of people in the household. Non users of air-conditioner they give reason that it’s unnecessary and some said that it is too expensive for them as these people have low income and did not have their own house. They give important to price, promotion and brand image have effect on perceive price of the product.

Perceptions

Customer perceives the product according to their image or reputation of the brand. They are willing to pay higher price for reliable product that suits their needs. But consumer doesn’t have full information and understanding about BTU of air-conditioner. They match the brand image with price and quality of the product.

Product Situation

Currently, in the Unitary Product Group in which we are focusing on minisplite that is for a commercial and residential market, various features and models are provide to the consumers, each delivering different features which are preferred by the consumers. Such features would include remote control based to control the functions of the Air conditioning as well as an improvement in package to convey to the consumers, the cleanliness and environmental friendly Air Conditioning, which helps, preserve the environment. York offers quality product in terms of durability and reliability with constant maintenance check and repair. Even though Air Conditioning is more or less a homogenous group differentiating the product through features or attributes would have little impact on the consumers. Therefore, the use of brand name is the corporate image is a useful tool in gaining leverage against competitors.

Their company’s policy is to work in honesty with sincerity to maximize the consumer relationship, building them into clients with the use of market-orientation, the trading firm, which is York can maximize customer satisfaction.

Nowadays, more customers concerned about electricity saving products, with Thai may lead the company to produce more energy saving models to serve the customers’ needs as well as use environmental friendly raw material, components, and parts in the company production to serve those customers who are environmental alert the market also interested in the new technology as well as the product durability. The company has to find out what the customers really want and try to produce the product to satisfy their wants.

Mitsubishi

Kanyong Wattana Company Limited. Is the dealer of the Mitsubishi “Heavy Duty” Mitsubishis’ air conditioner has gain 0% of the market share and is the brand which has gained probably the most customer brand awareness in the market . Their target group is people who are quality alert in term of aspect. The company has prepared their marketing strategy emphasize on durability with years guarantee while the others have only 1 year or not more than years guarantee. They introduced the aspect of durability to differentiate Mitsubishi from the others.

Positioning

Most of their customer relies on the company‘s quality standard, especially in terms of durability. They positioned their product as the most durable product and their product is mainly targeted to the high-income customers. This level is suitable for logical thinking people who have high education. Accordingly, the price does not affect their purchasing power. Most of customers have well known to their brand through the use of mass media therefore it is unnecessary to send salesperson to customer place. This show Mitsubishi is using pull strategy.

Carrier

Carrier air conditioner was distributed by Carrier (Thailand) Company Limited. They have the second highest market share in the market. Their market share is about 1%. They position their product in terms of the most quite air conditioner, which widely used. They have been the leaders of air conditioner sales in the big size model, which have the market share of 45% from the total market value of 10 billion baht. Carriers have been U.S. products.

Positioning

Carrier positions itself with high quality in term of quite. They advertised Carrier that most airports used which also to promote the durable aspect of the product. Recently they emphasized their service on sales-service be provide more spare parts to customers. They invested to improve all service centers in year 18.

National

AP National Sales Company Limited is the distributor of National appliances including air-conditioner. In 000, National has used to be the third of the total market share or 10% from the whole market. The company hoped to be the first of the net sales in the next 5 years. They did marketing research about purchasing achieves in how consumers making a decision to buy air conditioners and discovered that consumers were interested in quite of air conditioner first, then cleanliness and then electricity saving aspect. After that they have launched advertising for the product brand awareness in terms of “Clean and quiet”. They targeted in the middle to high modern family who concerned with the technology and health.

Positioning

They position their product as the standard in quality appliance and focus in the quiet of the product, they also have emphasized on the after sales services by setting the after sales services center named “National Information Center” which allows customers to call directly. Nowadays, National have developed the dealers to be “Air Conditioner Service Dealer”

Opportunity and Issue analysis

Strengths and Weakness

Strength

The major strength of the Company would be it’s corporate image as well as brand image since it has been established for more than a century and has the technological know �how for they are the first Company to specialize in this field. The corporate policy is based on honesty and sincerity. The symbol itself explains the strength of the Company. The York “Sun flake” signifies a contemporary interpretation of sun and snow in their simplest forms. Together, they symbolize the elements of fire and water and the transformation of hot to cold. The York Sun flake is a strong, vital and cohesive image designed to convey a sense of unity, trust and an orientation to the future. As an American brand the Company has earned itself, strong trust and acceptance from customers all over the world, especially for attributes such as durability and reliability.

York offers wide ranges of product lines as well as various systems. The three main types of systems are Unitary Product Group (in which our report is focusing on), Applied System where the system where the systems are installed for large projects such as an office buildings, airports, or even the U.S. Submarine. Its strength would mainly lie on the Applied System (their main foci) which is technological intensive and less on the commercial and residential markets.

Furthermore, York is a multinational enterprise where the management is of professional international style, focusing on customer-oriented. Skilled employees within the Company, not only at the headquarters support this but its affiliates all over the world. These employees, both blue and white collars are constantly trained to up-date their skills and technological know-how to better serve the customers.

In physical distribution, York utilizes its own warehouse, which gives the Company high level in controlling over warehouse operation. Air Conditioning needs to be inventoried carefully to reduce any risk of spoilage or damage from mishandling of the products. Since York is using private warehouse, looking after the product would not be too difficult or risky. The line of communication becomes clearer and critical information is available thus lessen the errors that may occur which will reduce the cost for the Company. York’s product requires careful handling to reduce any damage or spoilage, which occurs from poor handling. The warehouse is situated near the market, using the market-oriented strategy to best serve the target market a maximizing customer’s satisfaction. Added on to this maximization of customer’s satisfaction, York uses two types of transportation. Delivering products within the metropolitan and the Suburban area, York uses its own transportation, while greater distance such as provinces beyond the suburban area, York will make use of the transportation (freight) service to reduce the cost of transportation which would have been otherwise incurred by the Company if it was to acquire containers and trucks for this. These transportation services companies possess special skill in handling and delivering products. Not only will this save the cost of transportation, but it will also save the total cost of physical distribution.

The major strengths are

1. York emphasized on product quality; in addition it received certificate of Europe which can guarantee in its product that meet the world standard.

. York provided 5 years product warrantees while the others provided only 1 year.

. York also provided high standard service to its customers such after sale service and system installation.

4. Product model FRCH 1, FRCH 1, and FRCH 5 have received number 5-label electricity saving certificate.

Weakness

Air Conditioning is reckoned as homogenous products delivering the same basic functions even though the attributes or the features may vary slightly from on another. Besides the brand image, differentiating our product from our competitors is very difficult. This results in low brand awareness because the product is homogeneous and the only way to create brand awareness is to heavily advertise. Another factor that results in low brand awareness among consumer is that York’s point of convergence is on the Applied System, which handles large projects, and very little on Unitary Product Group.

Another weakness of York is that they are the Trading firm and not the manufacturer of the product therefore, producing products that best serve the local market is very difficult. Not only this, the quality control is difficult as well.

The major weaknesses are

1. York air conditioner has small number of dealer & has low market coverage so it is inconvenience for consumer to contact with York dealer. Consumer perceives York as industrial goods that used only in office, hotel & apartment.

. York air conditioner is expensive when compared with other domestic air-conditioner & electric fan.

. York has few number 5 labels, which may lead to lower attention for those who concern about electricity saves.

4. As York imported some part & RM used in the production. Its price may not stable during currency fluctuation. And York may receive less attention for those who concern in localization.

5. York does not have certificate of International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Opportunity and Threat Analysis

Opportunity

With the increase in worldwide interest on the global warming or the green house effect, more and more of the people are becoming environmentally conscious. With our technological know-how, the Company can set up a CFC retrofit program in order to convey the message that the Company is environmentally conscious and cares for the preservations of the natural resources.

Another opportunity would be the seasonally as a result of the El Nino. Because of this, the temperature in the hot and tropical climate countries may see a rise in demand for Air Conditioning in the residential market.

The major opportunities are

1. High-income people are mostly in Bangkok. Most people in Bangkok have higher discretionary income compared to any part in Thailand. There is a higher potential when entering the households in Bangkok.

. Most of the people are now concerned about their expenses so they want to choose air-conditioner that perform efficiency and save cost. And we provide air conditioner that meets the user need.

. Due to geographic of Thailand, which located near the Equator, with high temperature may lead to an increasing in demand of air-conditioner. And the temperature is likely to increase every year.

4. Thai people are increasing concern about saving environment. York air-conditioner is concern for environment by using non-CFC coolant system.

5. With The Electricity Generation Authority of Thailand (EGAT) held campaign to encourage sale of air-conditioner with number 5 by giving back money to the customer 10,000 baht in cash and later the customer have to make installment, pay money back to EGAT each month for 0 months.

Threat

Due to the economic recession in Thailand, this pose as a threat to this type of industry since the price of Air Conditioner is moderate to high price. Following the economic recession, the inflation rate plummets to a considerable high figure resulting in decrease in purchasing power as well as the consumer’s discretionary income.

This industry is highly competitive with easy entry barrier, thus the competition among brands are very aggressive. More brands enter the market, both local and foreign brands; consumers are given more choices in purchasing this type of product.

Government regulations concerning custom tax on components (in which it was stated before that 50% of our components are imported) may result in increase in cost incurred by tax in which some of this coast may be passed on to consumers.

The major threats are

1. Presently, Thai people have lower purchasing ability due to the economic recession. Because of the resulting high cost, decision of purchasing air-conditioner is also effected.

. Due to economic crisis that Thailand has now face, which affect business activity especially luxury item. People are likely to buy less on this item because economic down turn, their buying behavior has change and their purchasing power is decreasing. Unemployment has been increasing since many companies in Thailand were bankrupted.

. Consumers are less awareness about York air-conditioner because York does only little sales promotion. They didn’t advertise on television, and they have only few items in the product line that have number 5, which mean save electricity. So consumers are less prefers to buy York.

Objectives

Company mission

Build on the York tradition and innovative technology to become the worldwide leader of environmentally responsive heating, ventilation and air conditioning designed to improve the quality of life. York served the need of the community by providing products and services of superior quality affair price to our customer. To do these so as to earn and adequate profit which is required for the total enterprise to grow and by so doing provide the opportunity for our employees and shareholders to achieve the reasonable company and personal goal.

Objective

In 00, the estimated air conditioner industry value is 7,000 million. This is reduced from last year industry value 1.5%.

Sales Volume 1,050 million

Market Share 15%

Company Market Objective Plan

1. To be the leader in consumer market by year 004

. To increase consumer awareness of York air-conditioner

. To increase 5% market share by year 004

Financial Objective

1. To maximize our shareholder wealth through careful implementation of financial strategy and policy.

. To achieve profit margin by 1.5% by year 00

Marketing Strategy

• Target Market

The target market of consumer is who age above 40 years old and have income above 50,000 baht.

• Position

York positions the product to be environmental friendly Air Conditioner, which helps preserve the environment. York also positions quality product in term of durability and reliability with constant maintenance check and repair. Nowadays people concerned more about their health, therefore we introduce a new feature to the market that is killing bacteria air conditioner to serve those health conscious customers.

• Product’s Unique Selling Attributes

The unique selling point of our product is as follows

- The company provides service such as one-year free cleaning service.

- The company offers 5 years guarantee compressors.

- High quality product.

- Offer air conditioner that kill bacteria.

• Price Pricing Objective, Pricing Strategy, Pricing Method

Pricing objective Product quality leadership builds high-quality air condition and prices them a few hundred dollars more than competitors’ air conditioners.

Pricing strategy According to company’s objective so our price strategy is “product-line pricing” as we offer a different version of its product lines. We use price steps to establish price along amount of BTU. And we also price it with different feature. The price step should take into account cost differences between the air-conditioners, customer evaluations of the different features and competitors’ prices. We need to establish perceived the quality difference that justifies the price different.

Pricing method A company set the price by using mark up on price method. Markups vary considerably among different goods. Markups are generally higher on seasonal items. So we can cover the risk of not selling.

• Distribution Coverage, Channel, and Number of Outlets

Distribution Objectives

1. Motivate channel members to perform target sales efficiently.

. Create good image by channel members.

. We increase intermediary to serve customers efficiently

4. To increase dealers 15% every year

Coverage

The coverage strategy is multiple regions, which include

1. Chiang Mai (North)

. Khon Khen (Northeast)

. Chonburi (East)

4. Songkhla (South)

5. Prajuabkrikhun (West)

Distribution Channel Strategy

The company used direct and indirect marketing. We use direct marketing which are Internet and toll-free number in the television and newspaper advertisement. The company used indirect marketing strategy. By this distribution, the company can penetrate market effectively

Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer Customer

Manufacturer Dealer Customer

The indirect marketing channel means that our company sells through intermediately. We use this channel of distribution because our company believes that intermediary can reach customer more effectively and intermediary can persuade customer to buy the product. We focus on three major distribution outlets, which are in Bangkok, other distribution provinces, and in the suburban.

The company used direct and indirect marketing. We use direct marketing which are Internet and toll-free number in thee television and newspaper advertisement.

Number of Outlet

We have 65 outlets nationwide.

Action Program and Financial Projection

• Advertising

Objectives

1. To create the brand awareness of York among the customers from .% to 100% in year 00

. To build company’s image by emphasizing York Air conditioner as the American made product

. To build brand preference by advertising more on durability attribute and Certificate of Europe which is our competitive advantage.

4. To convince customers that York is the quality-emphasized brand.

5. To encourage the customer to use York.

Media Selection

In order to get high number of reach of the target market, we decide to use Television as our major medium and supported by newspapers, magazines and Billboards.

Budget

Television 0,558,750

Newspaper 47,887,500

Magazine 64,000

Billboard 16,800,000

Total 155,510,50



• Sales Promotion for Consumer and Outlets

Objectives

1. To increase sales volume from 1,050,000,000 in year 00 to 1,87,41,480 in year 00.

. To accelerate the purchasing behavior of customers

. To motivate salespersons to perform sale function effectively by using the sales contest.

Tools

In order to achieve the objectives, company has selected the following tools to be used in promotional program.

Consumer Promotion

1. Exhibition Company will organize the exhibition throughout the region of Thailand; North, Northeast, South and Bangkok. In the exhibition will inform customers about the general knowledge of our products. This is expected to draw traffic of customers to the exhibition and create awareness.

Product Warranties We provide 5 years guarantee on compressor.

. Premium We are going to give microwave as premium to the customer who buys “York” during the exhibition.

After-Sales Service We will open a service center in Bangkok at Rachada area and open one branch each year.

. Maintenance According to our marketing research, we decide to give years free maintenance, which is the second choice that customers preferred. The reason why we ignored discount 10-15% is because it could decrease our brand image.

Sales Force Promotion

• Sales contest We set the salespersons’ motivation by giving them 7 days packaged tour to USA if they can reach company’s target sale volume.

• Commission the salesperson will get % of sales that they can make.

Dealer Promotion

• Cash Discount We will give the dealers /10,n/0 in order to generate sales

• Incentive program The company set the target sales volume for the dealers. And if the dealers can get to that sale volume, we will give them 5 days packed tour to USA.

We have set budget for sales promotion, direct marketing and Public Relation by allocate 1% from sale volume.

Budget

Exhibition Baht 44,000

Product Warranties (spare parts) 500,000

After Sale Service .000,000

Maintenance year 15,000,000

Sales Contest (10 Persons) 800,000

Premium (16,070000) 48,10,000

Commission % 1,000,000

Cash Discount % 1,000,000

Incentive Program (10 dealers) 700,000

Miscellaneous Expense 1,000,000

Total Baht 118,154,00

• Direct Marketing

Objectives

1. To achieve direct response rate 5% from prospect customers.

. To make it convenience for customers to order the product.

. To educate the customers before making their decision to buy York air conditioner.

Tools

Internet We decide to make a homepage therefore the customers can have a detailed information at their fingertips. They can get answer to their queries by sending us e-mail and hence, clear their doubts sitting right in their home without making much effort.

TV Put toll-free number in the advertisement.

Newspaper and Magazine Put toll-free number in the advertisement.

Budget

Operator salary (1 person) Baht 6,000

Training expense ,000

Telephone expense 6,600

Internet expense 18,000

Total Baht 86,600

(Newspaper, Magazine and television expenses already included in advertising expense)

• PR and Publicity

Objectives

1. To inform the activities of our company.

. To communicate good will with the customers through sponsorship of the “HARN ” program.

Tools

In order to achieve the objectives, company has following to be used in public Relation and Publicity program.

Implementation Control

Our company has proposed marketing tactics for our two year action plan starting from Mar 1, 00 to Feb. 8, 004. Our objective is of disposing 5,500 unit of air conditioner by the end of year 004

• Pricing implementation Plan

As our price of Air Conditioning has perceived in moderate to high level, we will not lower down our prices that might, in turn, hurt the image of the company. In stead, we will try to convince customer to accept this price. The higher price the customers pay is compensate with their images and loyalties of using York Air Conditioning.

• Distribution Implementation Plan

Our company use indirect distribution. The company will use selective distribution for indirect distribution method. We will continue developing good relationships with our intermediaries. By doing this, the feedback will be more easily obtained.

• Promotion Implementation Plan

The objective of customers’ promotional program for the year

- To create product and brand awareness of the company within the first quarter of the year.

- To boost sales.

- To attract non-users of air conditioner.

Conclusion

York International has entered into Thailand since 11. The objective of the company is to gain 5% market share by year 00. To achieve this objective, they have set up strategies by emphasizing on “high-quality, high-price”. This strategy did not suit with Thai market since there was economic crisis and most consumers are price-sensitive. This leads to slow market growth, because the market demand is not as company forecasted. Another problem facing our company is low level of consumer brand awareness. With this, the Thai market did not know even the company’s product quality. The company has to adjust its strategy to coincide with the current market situation. That emphasizes more on public relations as well as product advertising to stimulate brand awareness.

Another important factor affecting the company’s performance is the high degree of competition in air-conditioner industry. Competitors have higher market share because they have intensive advertising and lots of sales promotions that can attract customer’s interest. They gain large market share because they have been long into Thai market. This makes the market hard to penetrate.

Therefore, the company has to set up new strategy to emphasis move on advertising and attractive premium in order to gain customer interest in order to achieve the York market objective.



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shakespeare and iago

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Feminism and Patriarchy Clash

The issue of creating a totally egalitarian environment in which neither men nor women are superior to each other has been one of the most challenging debates over a long time period. Many sociologists claim that in today’s world the dominance of male over female is a result of set of events that the humanity has undergone throughout the history. It is said that the concept of ‘power’ that extremely differs between two sexes as a genetic information has been the determining factor that formed such a man dominant world. The tough life conditions of the early years of world required a powerful object to overcome these conditions, so men began to play a more effective role in the history of humanity. It is stated that sometimes female dominance, matriarchy, has occurred in some regions such as in India but when the last 00 years of the history is examined it is obvious that there is a clear patriarchy all over the world. Patriarchy as a word simply means the superiority of males to females and the right of men to rule over females. Thus, feminism, which has so many diverse meanings, can simply be stated as the aim of ending sexism and oppression over a particular sex. So, in today’s world the word ‘feminism’ refers to the struggle of women for gaining equal rights with men. That is to say, today, ‘feminism’ is a concept that aims to overcome patriarchy no matter who, a male, woman or a heterosexual person, give support to this movement.

The concept of equality, which ‘feminism’ emphasizes in its origin, is so crucial that many people are not a feminist in origin although they call us like that. Hooks states that feminism is a movement for everybody. The deep meaning under these words points out that feminism is not only a movement against patriarchy but also a riot against anti-male people. The basic argument is ending sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression. This difference in meaning is so crucial in fact. “I needed feminism to give me a foundation of equality and justice to stand on” (Hooks). As Hooks states the main point is the catching up agenda which is quietly aims to reach a total equality. Today, many women who call themselves ‘feminists’ have a perception about feminism as it is a movement to prove the superiority of female over men, in other words, they perceives feminism as being anti-men. It becomes necessary to examine the characteristics of patriarchy here. Furthermore, it becomes so significant that the role of patriarchy to form such a wrong perceived feminism is so influential. As we think the conditions of men who are a member of patriarchy, there seems nothing that creates a negative situation for men. If a man is quite powerful to imply patriarchy over women, it provides him a freer life conditions as a result of occupying the human rights of women.

Today, many women and man can not realize that the meaning of ‘feminism’ that they think in their mind does not fit the essence of feminist ideology. So, many people call themselves ‘feminist’ although they did not fulfill the requirements of being a feminist person. It is a fact that today many people think that being a feminist becomes possible only if you are a female. There may be lots of men who support woman to save from patriarchy. In fact, as Hooks mentions, at that point it needs to divide the feminist groups into two reformist and revolutionary. Revolutionary thinkers, who are emphasizing to reach the gender equality from the existing situations, seems to having the right point of view about the issue. In a reformist point of view, you can not have so many chances to change the existing order in society. In the reformist thinking of feminism, it needs to be dependent on the views of male. So, in other words, there occurs a situation in which female rights are determined by male supremacy. You are forced again to accept the superiority of men since they are the driving force to make you interested in the social equality. Reformist feminist thinking focusing primarily on equality with men in the workforce overshadowed the original radical foundations of contemporary feminism which called for reform as well as overall restructuring of society so that our nation would be fundamentally anti-sexist. Finally, it is a quite possible thing that men can be supporters of this movement and this does not create a problem but the crucial thing is that the movement should be in a revolutionary character.




In conclusion, the debate is still going on but the important thing is that the feminism movement is changing character from day to day. In today’s world women seem to gain more equal rights with men than they ever have. But the important thing is that the diversity between two sexes seems never to stop. When we think the issue from a man’s point of view, instead of being an active feminist to support the movement, leaving woman alone to form their own character seem so much healthier. Thus, we may have a world that involves a complete equality between two sexes as man intervention did not play a powerful role in that change. Hence, it leads me to the justness of a revolutionary feminist thinking.



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chemistry

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In science, it is vital that the information that has been obtained regarding the products created be as accurate as possible. To obtain the accuracy of different products, many different types of ?yields? are taken into consideration. A yield is the amount of product that is obtained in a chemical reaction. The theoretical yield is the amount of product that we predict will be obtained using stoichiometric calculations and balanced equations. The actual yield is the amount of product that is actually obtained at the end of a procedure. Sometimes the actual yield in a chemical reaction turns out to be less than the theoretical yield, and because of this, there is something called the percentage yield. The percentage yield is the comparison of the actual yield and the theoretical yield giving an indication of the efficiency of a chemical reaction. The percentage yield is a very important value especially to the industries all around the world; who have a main purpose to increase efficiency, and thereby creating larger profits.

Purpose

The purpose of this lab, ?Percentage Yield?, was to determine how theoretical and experimental values could be used to determine the percentage yield. In this case, specifically we used sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid to create water, carbon dioxide and salt when heated.




Materials

The following materials were used in the lab to get our results.

· 50 ml Beaker

· Retort stand

· Bunsen burner

· Striker

· Evaporating dish

· Ring clamp

· Watch glass

· Hydrochloric acid

· Tongs

· Distilled water

· Sodium chloride

· Metal grate

· Plastic dropper

· Paper towel

· Scoopula

· Scale

· Weighing paper

Procedure

The following procedure was follow throughout the experiment.

1. A watch glass and evaporating dish was cleaned, and their mass was measured.

. There was 0.75g of sodium carbonate added to the dish, and their

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Income inequality in Australia

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There is a substantial amount of inequality with regard to the distribution of income in Australia. Sources say it is becoming slightly worse in recent years. In 1-00, top 0% of income recipients accounted of 48.5%. They had average weekly income over 1 times higher than the average income of the bottom 0%. The bottom 60% of income recipients receive less than 0% of total income.

There are economic and social advantages and disadvantages of inequitable distribution of income. Economic benefits occur when there is an increase in the productive capacity of resources and thus an increase in real GDP per capita.

The first benefit is that the labour force is encouraged to increase education and skill levels. Since jobs with higher qualification and skills provide higher income, the labour force will want to improve their education and skill levels in order to receive a higher income. Thus there is an increase in the quality of the labour force.

Secondly, the labour force is encouraged tow work longer and harder. The longer the hours you work, the higher the income you will get. Therefore it produces an incentive for workers to work longer and overtime, which enhances economic growth. In addition, the higher pay for increased output will encourage labour to move where it is most needed. A more mobile workforce will lead to a more efficient allocation of resources and a higher rate of economic growth.




Entrepreneurs are encouraged to more readily accept risks associated with business. If they do not receive bonus for their risk taking, there will be fewer entrepreneurs and therefore a lower rate of economic growth, less jobs and a reduction in their productive capacity in the economy.

Last but not least, there is a potential for higher savings and capital formation. Since there will be more high income earners in an inequitable distribution of income, and the higher the income an individual earns the greater the proportion of income will be saved, savings will increase in the economy and this will reduce Australia’s reliance upon foreign capital.

Unfortunately the advantages of economic inequality are accompanied with the disadvantages.

Firstly, overall utility, the satisfaction for the goods and services by the consumer is reduced in our society. This theory is based on the assumption that high income earners gain less satisfaction from an increase in their income than people who earn lower incomes. The reason being as more of a certain good is consumed, it will begin to provide less utility to the consumer. This means that and extra $1 income would be of more worth to a low income earner than to a high income earner. This suggests that a more equal distribution of income will be beneficial to the total utility. Unfortunately, it is extremely to gain an accurate assessment of relative utilities.

Secondly, consumption and investment is also reduced. People who earn a low income spend more of their money than high income earners. The reason for this is that they need this money go towards the basic necessities. Therefore if we have more inequality, less of the income will go towards consumption. This leads to towards lower economic activity, employment and overall living standards.

Furthermore, high income earners tend to spend their income on luxuries such as designer clothes, extravagant goods and services, that are not needed creating a “leisure class”. This establishes an individual’s wealth and creates hierarchy, but poor people are not benefited from this consumption.

Moreover, there is less work and work efficiency in the economy. Inequality of the income causes relative poverty. As a result, this reduces educational opportunities, lowers individual’s self confidence and this can in time end up with many people not working to their full potential or not working at all.

Many people rely on the government to provide welfare support which is an income for people who are unemployed, elderly, or with disabilities. This places demand on the government revenue as there are many people on low income who rely this government aid.

Lastly, as a result of distribution of inequality income, economic growth has slowed down. Since there are more high income earners in Australia, they tend to save more of their income so there is less consumption and contribution to economic growth.

Inequality of income can bring several social benefits, such as the fact that inequality of opportunity exists in Australia which gives high income earners easier access to gain better education and opportunities. This ensures that they will gain admission to tertiary education which will allow them to have higher paid jobs.

Secondly, there are people who do not share high physical and mental abilities or potential when it comes to the acquisition of income and wealth. Some people are better at physical labour which usually means lower paid jobs rather than those who are academically minded which in our society means higher paid jobs.

Finally, some people can gain wealth to inheritance and trust funds, and they have opportunity to build up their wealth through investing, unlike those who start off with nothing.

There are two major social disadvantages of inequality. First one being that there is a class division which causes tension between people with different jobs and regions. This can lead to disputes between people, which will in turn bring about an instable society which can lead to an economic disruption.

There are still many Australians who live in relative poverty. For these people, life is hard and they are subjected into low incomes and very little economic opportunities. Increased level of crimes, diseases, and reduced life expectancy are linked with very high poverty levels.

To conclude, in the Australian society, distribution of income is very much in favour of high income earners, which leads to benefits and consequences socially and economically.



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How does Black & Decker uses market segmentation?

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Black & Decker revolutionized the power tool industry and established the modern power tool industry. The firm has long dominated the industry as the world’s leading producer and marketer of power tools and power tool accessories. No other manufacturer is close to matching Black & Decker’s global distribution capabilities in the do-it-yourself market.

Power tool manufacturers compete on such variables as price, quality, product design, product innovation, brand-name reputation, size and strength of retail dealer networks, and after-sale service.

Black & Decker first addressed the needs of customers has smaller, easier-to-use tools. Black & Decker has continuously worked to learn about its customers. At least three distinct markets are identified for the power tool business Do-It-Yourselfers, Serious Do-It-Yourselfers, and professional. The Do-It-Yourselfers category consist of primarily homeowners and hobbyist who wanted solid performing pro-like tools at reasonable prices. Black & Decker has regularly captured about 40% of this 1 billion dollar segment over the years.

Market share for the $.5 billion a year professional tools market has varied from 4.1% to 17.% since 17. These customers rely on their tools for a living and demand the highest level of quality. Black & Decker’s long dominance in the consumer market tinted their image in the professional market. Market research showed that while consumers considered Black & Decker durable tools, trade professionals perceived their tools strictly as consumer do-it-yourselfer tools.




Many competitors in the industry targeted one market with a specific product line or used a differentiated marketing strategy targeting both products with separate and distinct product lines. Doing so helps strengthen the buyer’s overall identification of the firm with the product category�forming a quicker and more accurate brand image and develop greater brand loyalty.

Black & Decker’s DeWalt line successfully targeted the professional tools customers and provided a distinct product offering for the market.

The Quantum line was developed for more serious do-it-yourselfers who demanded a higher level of quality from their tools, but did not necessarily need the level of performance offered by the professional tools line.

The effort to reach these distinctly different markets involved developing different marketing strategies for each. This requires additional marketing research, forecasting, sales analysis, promotion planning and channel management. Resources must be properly allocated to provide sufficient support for each product line.

Black & Decker had also used geographic segmentation in its marketing strategy. The firm produced products with varying production specification for different countries. This resulted in higher production cost, shirt-runs and a more complex production operation. Under the leadership of Archibald, the production operation was streamlined and product specifications were standardized.



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contract law

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contracts

The law recognizes both types of the contents of a contract, that is, expressed and implied and has its implication when looked from the Customary, Common law, and Statutory perspectives. But, before discussing the implication of the implied contents of a contract under different legal perspectives, there is a need to comprehend the core meaning of the terminology ‘implied content of a contract’.

The Definition

The dictionary (Cobuild, 16) meaning of implied is, “something which indirectly indicates that it is the case”. A synonym for the same is also implicit, which means implied but not expressed. Thus we need to read between the lines or to find it, as it is not physically expressed in the contract.




A dictionary of law (Osborn’s Concise, 1) provides the following definition of the implied term “A term in a contract which has not been expressively stated but which the courts are willing, or required by statute, to imply.

A ministry of the New Zealand government’s also interprets the implied terms as an unstated part of a contract. According to them “implied terms are most commonly implied by statute � ie, that kind of contract is covered by a particular Act. eg, contracts for the sale of goods will have an implied term which guaranteed that goods will be of acceptable quality; the contract does not have to specifically mention the Customer Grantee Act”.

Parker and Box in their book (000), provides the following interpretation of the term implied

An implied term is thus one which is not written into the written contract, spoken in the formation process of the oral contract, nor written or spoken in the case of a contract which is partly written and partly oral. It must be found outside the actual contract and read into the contract by implication.

All of these definitions are at least unanimous on two distinctive features of the implied terms in contract First that implied terms are part of the contract, even though they may not be expressed in written words in the contract, like an express terms which are clearly stated in contract; secondly implied terms are to be found outside the written contract but still within the contextual framework of the contract.

Apart from these features mentioned above, the implied term has also another strong characteristic, that is, its relevance to the customary obligations prevailing between and among contractual parties and the place where the contract is being made. For instance, law accepts that all customary obligations, not altered by the contract, are to remain in force that is too late to pursue a contrary course; and would be of much inconvenience if the set practice were to be disturbed (Smith and Thomas, 177).

The above comprehensions of the implied terms suggest three possible ways in which a term may be implied into a contract

1. Because of a custom or convention in a particular trade

. The court considers that the parties wanted it, and would have included it if they had thought about it, or that it is needed to make the contract work

. The term might have to be included, or shall be considered implicit in the contract because of statutory requirements, even if the parties do not want it to be included in writing.

Application and implication of the term implied

To clearly distinguish between the different types of implied terms we refer to some of the known cases in the law

Use of it under the Common Law

As stated earlier the implied term has a strong relevance to the customs and norms of the customary obligations prevailing between and among contractual parties and the place where the contract is being made. The following famous “The Moorcock” case highlights this concept (for detail of the case please refer to Court of Appeal 188, 14 P.D. 64; 58 L.J.P. 7; 60 L.T. 654; 7 W.R. 4)

An Annotated Summary “The Moorcock”

The owner of a wharf agreed with the owners of “The Moorcock” to berth the vessel, a barge, at their wharf to unload it, against a fee. The wharf was in river Thames, and both parties knew that at low tide, the vessel would ground on the river bed. The Moorcock did eventually grounded on the bed and was extensively damaged; as a result the owner sued the wharf owner for damages. The claim was successful, as the judge considered that reasonable care could have been provided by the wharf owner for the reason of business efficacy, giving a commercial realism to the contract, that when the wharf owner gave permission to the barge owner to berth, the implied term was there in the contract that the river bed was safe (adapted from Parker and Box, 000).

However, need is there to take proper consideration before considering that the implied term is there in the contract as per norms of the customary obligations, such as industrial convention. For instance, in the following case an attempt to imply a term into contract failed

Annotated Summary “Summers v Commonwealth of Australia”

Summers contracted to supply a quantity f marble for use in the construction of Australia House in London. Some of the marble blocks were oversized and the cost for the same was withheld. When Summers sued to claim the cost of the oversize blocks, he referred to the industrial convention that oversize blocks are normally included in supply on the understanding that they could be satisfactorily reduced in size to meet the specifications. His claim was rejected as the implied term was directly conflicting with an express term included in the contract, which referred to the specification of the block sizes to be supplied. (Adapted from Parker and Box, 00).

A court can also imply a term into a contract based on prior dealings between the two parties. This normally happens when the disputing parties have dealt with each other and on a particular current occasion a usual term or a condition is omitted from the current contract. For instance, in the “Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd” case the court allowed the appellants to buy a further 100,000 standards of softwood in 11 based on the dealings in 10 during which ,000 standard softwood was agreed to be bought, subject to certain conditions. The decision to allow the appellant to buy further softwood was based on an option clause, which is referred to as an “agreement to make an agreement” � an interpretation of Lord Parker in Von Hatzfeldt-Eildenburg (Princess) v. Alexander. (Adapted from Smith and Thomas, 177).

The option clause is not considered to be enforceable agreement in general as it is uncertain and imprecise. However, the term can be saved by reference to the detailed contract in which it was located. (Adapted from Parker and Box, 00).

The discussion above lead to an understanding that while preparing or entering into a contract, the parties cannot escape their lawful responsibilities, if a term, which is implied, has not been expressed in full, or in part, in writing in a contract. The “implied term” acts as an invisible hand to protect the rightful party to ensure business/commercial realism remain in practice. This realism may be based on the understanding of prior dealings between or among the same parties or may be an interpretation of cultural/industrial practices/norms, and/or be part of an understanding which could not be delineated properly at the time of writing the contract.



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bob

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Speech 1

Possible Informative Speech Topics

(This is by no means an exhaustive list�there are many other possibilities. This is only to give you ideas. These are topics that were used by recent former students. You should choose a topic that suits your interests.)

acid reflux football panic attacks




anorexia Franklin D. Roosevelt pervasively mentally handicapped

anthrax Guadalajara premature babies

Aztecs Hugo Sanchez schizophrenia

bees hummingbirds spina bifida

blood donation importance of drinking water stress

Bobby Knight Incubus tattoos

California Indian weddings teenage domestic violence

choosing the right mattress Jackie Robinson tennis

Cinco de Mayo Jalisco, Mexico The Rock

depression mad cow disease Thomas Kincaide

diabetes Marilyn Monroe Triumph Spitfire

Diego Maradona Metallica trucks

drag racing Monica Seles TV Nielsen ratings

epilepsy music & learning twins

fibromialgia night terrors undocumented U.S. workers

finding the right computer osteosarcoma (bone cancer) Vince McMahon

firefighting ovarian cysts



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Remember, your goal is to simply empower us with OBJECTIVE information about your subject. You are not trying to persuade us to do or believe anything.

Back to Public Speaking page

Back to Honors Public Speaking page

Speech 1

Possible Informative Speech Topics

(This is by no means an exhaustive list�there are many other possibilities. This is only to give you ideas. These are topics that were used by recent former students. You should choose a topic that suits your interests.)

acid reflux football panic attacks

anorexia Franklin D. Roosevelt pervasively mentally handicapped

anthrax Guadalajara premature babies

Aztecs Hugo Sanchez schizophrenia

bees hummingbirds spina bifida

blood donation importance of drinking water stress

Bobby Knight Incubus tattoos

California Indian weddings teenage domestic violence

choosing the right mattress Jackie Robinson tennis

Cinco de Mayo Jalisco, Mexico The Rock

depression mad cow disease Thomas Kincaide

diabetes Marilyn Monroe Triumph Spitfire

Diego Maradona Metallica trucks

drag racing Monica Seles TV Nielsen ratings

epilepsy music & learning twins

fibromialgia night terrors undocumented U.S. workers

finding the right computer osteosarcoma (bone cancer) Vince McMahon

firefighting ovarian cysts



!--[if supportMisalignedColumns]--







!--[endif]--

!--[if supportMisalignedColumns]--

Remember, your goal is to simply empower us with OBJECTIVE information about your subject. You are not trying to persuade us to do or believe anything.

Back to Public Speaking page

Back to Honors Public Speaking page



Please note that this sample paper on bob is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on bob, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on bob will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment from Live Paper Help and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!