hamlet hamlet

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This passage from Shakespeare’s Hamlet takes place in Act I Scene II. Hamlet’s very first soliloquy is spoken right after his discussion with Gertrude and Claudius. They had been talking about how Hamlet needed to move on from the death of his father, although Hamlet thought that they had moved on far to quickly. From this passage, the audience learns how deeply the death of Hamlet’s father actually affects him and how he perceives other characters because of it.

Hamlet begins by speaking of suicide. It seems the only thing keeping him from taking his own life is the fact that God is against it “Or that the Everlasting had fixed his canon ‘gainst (self slaughter!) O God, God.” (15-16) Life without his father is not good. Hamlet uses such negative words as “weary, stale, flat” (17) to describe the world. He feels nothing good can come out of the “unprofitable” (17) Earth. He says “’Tis an unweeded garden that grows to seed. Things rank and gross in nature possess it merely,” (1-141) and what he means is that bad things just start more bad things, like a never-ending chain reaction.

There is also proof that Hamlet doesn’t approve of the marriage between his mother and uncle for various reasons. According to Hamlet, his mother was married way to soon after his father’s death, let alone marrying his deceased father’s brother. “But two months dead- nay, not so much, not two.” (14) Many would agree that there should be a grief period longer than two months before a widow remarries. Claudius and Gertrude were married with “most wicked speed, to post with such dexterity.” (161-16)






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Antigone

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Antigone is a girl who is trying to stand up for what she believes in. She is trying to speak her voice and she wants to be heard. Being a girl should not make a difference in the way that they are treated. Even in America, there are still women getting abused. Has someone ever done something about women’s rights or will anyone ever do something that will make a drastic change in all women’s lives? Antigone tried to fight for her rights by being brave and trying to bury her brother. Antigone is fighting for her rights and along the way she is being abused in different ways. After all that has happened she still fights back. It’s as if nothing can stop her. Antigone is one of many women that are physically abused and lack respect for their rights. In addition, women resist. Antigone could have been fighting for her brother’s rights or maybe even for her rights as well as many other women’s right.

Though some women aren’t exactly abused physically, they can still be abused just because they aren’t receiving as much respect. Antigone is an example of someone who is abused by not receiving her rights. She wasn’t even allowed to bury her own brother. Many women in Antigone’s age weren’t allowed to have a job or talk to certain people. It might be said that women weren’t treated as people. Mohammad was one of many men that would marry more than one woman. Yet, he tried to restrict the number of women that he married. He was trying to diminish the number of wives and to diminish slavery. To these people that lives in this time, it was their way of life and no one thought that they were doing something wrong. Mohammad could have a side that is caring and trying to change, but also a side that is marrying more than one woman.

Veiling of women occurred before Islam, before Christianity, and before Judaism. This veiling of women came along with the slave society and with patriarchy. The men had polygamy and the women had monogamy. The man always rules in Islamic culture and the woman follows. This relates to Antigone by the way she was treated just because she was a woman. Antigone was as brave as any man but just because she was a woman she couldn’t have a right to bury her brother. When the veiling was popular, it was that a woman would never walk ahead or next to her husband, but she would walk behind him. If a woman was to marry more than one husband then there would be no fatherhood and the whole patriarchal structure would collapse. The wife is the man’s private property and therefore the husband is very sensitive about his wife. The man chooses to cover her so that no other man will see or touch her. The husband wants to be able to have the family name past down and wants to give his inheritance to his children and know that they are his. The wife is basically there to bear children and to work in the house. When the wife is divorced, the man will take the children and her name will be lost history. (Winkers 8-84).

Antigone was mistreated in more than one way, but she fought back. Not many women can say that they fought back against something that they knew was wrong. Some women might have just kept to themselves about the way that they were being treated, while others fought for their rights along with many other rights. Rosa Parks was a woman that fought for not only her rights but also the rights of many other African American people. Antigone might not have known if she was right but she gave it a chance. Though she might not have gotten to see her brother buried, she died knowing that she tried. Back in that time, killing yourself was not a cowardly act, it showed that they were brave. Antigone, with having killed herself, in that time made her even braver than she already was. No human knows how things will turn out a day, a year, or even a decade from now, only God knows that.




In America, we have never had a woman for our president. There have been many women around the world that have fought for something and have won their rights. Women will strive for their rights and hopefully win. Antigone killed herself because she felt that there was no purpose in living since she was going to be punished anyway. In this time, women are abused physically in their own homes. There’s not a lot someone else can do until they stand up for themselves first. Mistreating women isn’t something new that has been progressing; it is something that has been going on for a long time. Women can help more than one person or fight for more than one thing by standing up for what they believe in. Antigone lost her respect when she was trying to give respect to someone else.



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Is There a Deeper Change To Be Had?

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Is There Deeper Changes To Be Had?

Recent events have left many parents and other Americans asking “Why?” A high school

in South Carolina is at the center of this national crisis. Local authorities stormed this high

school, after receiving a tip that a student was selling drugs in the school. From what is known,




they may of had good cause to perform this task. The problem lies within how they executed this

drug bust. The police swarmed the school with guns drawn, drug and bomb sniffing dogs

attacking, and students being commanded to “hit the ground!” Why such force?

It all comes back to the school shootings that have been terrifying our nation for the last

five years. The most notable of all, was the Columbine High School rampage in Colorado. After

April 0th, 1, the date of the Columbine shooting, many schools nationwide have changed

their policies to prevent these massacres from happening again. Local, State, and Federal

governments have also become actively involved to help avoid these senseless acts of violence.

Yet, after seeing what happened last week, one could ask “Have these changes really helped?”

Maybe President Bush should issue a color-coded warning system for school violence, like he

has for terrorist attacks.

The changes as a result of these attacks are widespread; schools, principles, and teachers

have a new sense of paranoia, rules have become stricter at schools--making many seem like

prisons, and probably the most effective change has occurred in the more proactive approach of

mediating and counseling of students.

The fear of these attacks happening again is normal. No one would want to go through a

similar situation to that of Columbine. That does not mean that we should allow this fear to

affect proper decision making. This is where paranoia comes into effect. Take for example of

the principle of that high school in South Carolina. He was told, by another student, that a

classmate was selling drugs. The principle had previous knowledge of the accused, and knew he

was a “troubled” student. Instead of handling the situation himself, he felt the best thing for the

school was to call the authorities. After relaying the information to the police, including the fact

that the student was “troubled”, the police came to their decision. They did not want to have

what happened in Columbine happen in their high school, city, or state. Their decision to use

excessive force has hurt more students emotionally, then has helped anyone. There were no

drugs, guns, or bombs on the accused student. The whole situation could of been settled by the

principle and not the police. Instead the principles and the polices paranoia took over and has

left many Americans accessing how we should handle these situations.

One way many Americans believe we can handle this is by having stricter rules within

our schools. If someone came back from the grave to see our schools now, they would ask

“What the hell happened?” With all the changes within the schools, they now appear as prisons

and not educational institutions. The changes are numerous and here are some of the biggest of

these changes; many schools do not allow backpacks, they require I.D.’s to be worn at all times,

some public schools have enforced dress codes, and some schools have metal detectors, along

with police, at all entrances of the schools. When asking a former Columbine student about how

she felt after her school started to enforce I.D.’s and no backpacks, she said “I felt as though I

was being punished, eventhough I was a victim and had nothing to do with the attack.” These

rules were not and still are not taken warmly by students. History has shown that stricter rules

cause more rebellion. Which in this case, could it cause more acts of violence by some students?

Hatred and anger is easily built up when individuals are not able to be themselves. Still many

believe that this is the way to ensure future tragedies don’t happen again.

Others believe there is a better solution to be had. These people believe that the best way

to save schools from having these occurrences, is to talk to the students one on one. Some

schools have hired more counselors, and have been teaching students how to peer mediate. In

many cases, the school districts have started talking to their students as early as elementary

school. These individual schools and school districts have realized and accepted that not all of

their students are going to be happy. They understand that students will be made fun of and

sometimes be at the center negative attention by other classmates. These schools do the most

important thing and talk to both individuals, sometimes together or on a more personal basis.

They let those, who are being picked on, know that there is nothing wrong with them, and they

give them appropriate avenues which they can deal with their feelings. As stated the counselors

don’t stop there. They talk to the “bullies” and help them see why they are always having to pick

on others. Mediation and counseling students allows them to know that they have someone to

talk to without feeling uncomfortable, as they might feel with their parents. Students are able to

express their feelings which can prevent anger, hatred, and resentments from building up inside

them. Counselors give students the attention they need and deserve. This helps deter students

from trying to receive the attention they need through negative means such as school shootings

and other acts of violence.

Governments and politics can say they have the answers with stricter rules inside and

outside the schools, but their political banter will not solve the problem. We have to find the root

of the cause and that is not the rules. The root is the students themselves. These acts of violence

are merely a cry for attention. Many schools have come to accept this and are trying to address it

the best they can, but it doesn’t start or stop with the schools. It needs to begin at home with the

parents. Parents must give the needed attention to their children. They must be willing to

become involved in their children’s live. They must care enough to listen, and understand

enough to know that anger will not help. Parents must try to help solve the problems and not

simply punish their children. No longer can parents stick their children on front of televisions,

video game systems, or computers. Children’s emotional voids can not be filled with

materialistic substitutes. Parents must not only become active in children’s lives, but also their

feelings. If this happens, we have our best chance of stopping these senseless cries for attention

by our children.

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The Producers review

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The Producers

At the Ford Center for the Performing Arts

The Producers opened on Broadway in 000 to the wildest rave reviews a musical comedy has seen in the history of Broadway theatre. It won a record 1 Tony Awards in June of that year. The Mel Brooks smash was based on the movie of the same name with the addition of several characters and sub-plots. I saw a performance by the second national touring company of the show in Chicago in November 00. It was the first time I had ever seen a musical performed live onstage, and it proved to be a very educational experience.

The Ford Center for the Performing Arts is a huge theatre located in the heart of the Chicago theatre district. Its far larger than most of the Broadway theatres in New York. I noticed right away the huge effect the large performance space has on the production. In the past I have seen only plays performed in close quarters, where one can really identify with the actors from a close distance. I dont think the size of this theatre contributed positively to the show.




The show was good, and very entertaining, but the large venue made it seem very impersonal. The seats were even at close proximity to the stage for that huge theatre. It made the actors seem so far away and difficult to connect with. The added space seemed to act as a wall between me, and my enjoyment of the performance.

The Producers is a fantastic musical romp about a forgotten Broadway producer who, with the help of an accountant friend of his, sets out to produce the biggest flop in Broadway history with plans of taking the money they make and taking a trip for two to Rio. Of course this whole scheme only works if the show is a flop, because the plan is to sell a thousand percent of the show to the backers, who are a group of little old ladies that Max Biallystock has to schtup to get money from them. If the show is a hit there is no way to pay off the backers. To be sure the show is a flop, they produce Springtime For Hitler. The show is practically a love letter to Hitler. To be really sure they fill the audience with Jews and pay off the critics to pan the show. Naturally the show is a hit and they go to jail! They are eventually pardoned by the governor for bringing song and dance into the hearts of every murderer, rapist, and sex maniac in Sing-Sing. The set out to have a happy and honest career together again on Broadway.

The show was very entertaining. The costumes won Tony awards. The actors were top-of-the-line, right off the New York stage. I enjoyed the performance, save for my issue with the size of the theatre. My advice to anyone considering going to see the show to run to the theatre now. Its running on Broadway to packed houses every night. The original stars, Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick are set to return to the show in January. The show is sure to sell out, even in these huge, impersonal theatres, people still flock to see what will go down in the record books as the most entertaining, and most decorated musical in recent Broadway history.



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Immediate Constituent Analysis

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What is a constituent?



A constituent is one of two or more grammatical units that enter syntactically or morphologically into a construction at any level. Lets take this example from English

• You eat bananas




This sentence contains the following constituents

Immediate constituents

• you

• eat bananas

Ultimate constituents

• you

• eat

• banana

• -s

• Definition of Immediate Constituent



An immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constitute a construction. Immediate constituents are often further reducible.

Here are some examples of immediate constituents from English



• In the complex noun phrase the dog that killed the cat, each of the following items are immediate constituents

• the

• dog

• that killed the cat

Immediate Constituent Analysis

It is an approach that has some descriptive aims. The technique which is used in this approach is designed to show how small constituents (or components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents. In the following sentence, we can identify eight constituents (at the word level)

The minister handed a letter to the president

These eight constituents go together in a certain way, i.e., we cannot say

Handed a minister handed letter to to the

We don’t normally think of these combinations as phrases in English. But rather, we are more likely to say that the phrase-like constituents here are combinations of the following types the minister, a letter, the president, which are noun phrases; to the wedding, which is a prepositional phrase; handed a letter, which is a verb phrase.

This analysis of constituent structure of the sentence can be represented in different types of diagrams. One type of diagram simply shows how these constituents are distributed at different levels



handed

The Minister A letter To The President

Here is another way to draw the diagram





Why has the ICA failed?

The Immediate Constituent Analysis has failed because it failed to link together the sentences which appear to be semantically, phonetically, and syntactically related bearing in mind that the grammar that is descriptively adequate must be able to give a full account of the native speakers linguistic competence (Kebbe 16). To illustrate this, lets consider the following examples

1) the game was difficult for the kid to win.

) It was difficult for the kid to win the game.

) To win the game was difficult for the kid.

4) For the kid to win the game was difficult.

The native speaker will predict that the above sentences are all related by synonymy. This is a problem for ICA because it can only assign a separate analysis to each sentence missing thus an important generalization about them.

Another problem for ICA is the ambiguous sentences. As mentioned above, the descriptively adequate grammar should be able to assign a different analysis to each of the possible readings of the ambiguous sentence. ICA here as well fails to meet this condition for adequacy as it provides but a single analysis for any given sentences. Lets see this example

I saw the man with binoculars.

This sentence can be interpreted in two ways

I used binoculars to see the man.

Or the man who used binoculars was seen.

The problem here is that the sentence implies two syntactic structures while the ICA can predict one only.

Furthermore, Chomsky points out the fact that ICA shows considerable weakness when dealing with constructional homonymy, i.e., sentences which appear to have the same structure but whose items exhibit different logical relations. The following classic examples may help illustrate the point

1) John is easy to please.

) John is eager to please.

) Bill promised Mary to come early.

4) Bill wanted Mary to come early.

At first sight, the above listed data show that (1) and (), () and (4) have identical linear structures (insofar as their grammatical categories are concerned), yet they are understood in different ways. John in (1) is not the logical (real) subject of please; on the contrary, it is the logical object of the verb. The sentence is understood as for someone to please is easy. By contrast, John in () is the logical subject of please since the sentence is interpreted as John is eager to please others. The same argument can be applied to () and (4) where the logical subjects of come, contrary to what ICA predicts, are not the same in the two sentences in () it is Bill, whereas in (4) it is Mary. Hence the failure of ICA. It assigns exactly the same syntactic structure to both sentences although their logical relations are distinct. (Kebbe 164).



Bibliography

Kebbe, Mohammed Z. Lectures in General Linguistics.

Langacker, Ronald W. Fundamentals of Linguistic Analysis. USA Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. 17.

Smith, Neil and Deirdre Wilson Modern Linguistics The Result of Chomskys Revolution. England Penguin Books Ltd. 17.

Yule, George The Study of Language. Cambridge CUP. 16.

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Is Oedipus a Fool to the gods or a Man of Free Will

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The events in Oedipus Rex written by Sophocles show an underlying relationship of man’s free will existing within the cosmic order or fate that the Greeks believed guided the universe. Fate, controlled by the gods, can be defined as an inevitable outcome or a cause determining events. Although Oedipus was a victim of fate, he wasn’t completely controlled by it. In order for Sophocles’ play to be categorized as tragic, the tragic hero had to have some sort of flaw. The tragic hero’s flaws are the qualities that ultimately lead to his downfall. Fate and freewill play a large role in the rise and fall of the protagonist. The protagonist in the play has to either cause the fall by his own free will or by fate causing it. Without these two elements, there would be no fall of the protagonist in a tragic play and thus the writer’s aim of giving the audience emotions of pity and fear leading them to experience a feeling of catharsis or purgation wouldn’t be achieved and there would be no suspense or action to build up the climax in which case the character flaws of Oedipus work in tandem with fate to take the tragedy to its climax. The major theme explored in Oedipus Rex is that fate and character are intertwined in which case Oedipus is not only fated to perform such detestable acts but it is his very behaviour that leads him to doing these that determines his fate. Thus Oedipus’ fate as well as his hamartia, or character flaws, work as antagonists in this tragedy.

Oedipus is a man of swift action. At the opening of the play we see that this quality makes him an excellent ruler who anticipates his subjects’ needs. When the citizens of Thebes beg him to do something about the plague, Oedipus is one step ahead of them as he has already sent Creon to the Delphic oracle for advice. But later, we see that Oedipus’ habit of acting swiftly has a dangerous side. When he tells the story of killing the band of travellers who attempted to shove him off the three-way crossroads, Oedipus shows that he has the capacity to behave rashly. This rashness is also revealed in the prologue when he publicly swears to find and punish Laios’ murderer which later assists his tragic fall as he lack the prudence to wait and see who the murderer is. Oedipus’ swiftness continues throughout the play as he interrogates Creon, calls for Teiresias, refers to him as a ‘wicked old man’ (line 1), threatens to banish Creon after calling him a ‘murderer’ (line 505), calls for the servant who escaped the attack on Laios as well as the shepherd who was given the baby from Queen Jocasta, rushes to the palace to stab his eyes out on finding out the truth and finally, demands to be exiled.

Oedipus’ erroneous judgemental errors are another major constituent leading to his downfall. For instance, when Oedipus interrogates Teiresias about the murderer’s identity, Teiresias prefers to keep silent as he doesn’t want to be the cause of Oedipus’ ruin. Oedipus on the other hand, interprets Teiresias’ silence as treachery. He labels him a villain and calls him a ‘wicked old man’ (line 1). He also considers him to be a conspirator along with Creon who he calls a ‘murderer’ (line 505). As a result, he fails to heed Teiresias’ advice and warning against continuing the investigation. The accusations he hurls at Teiresias and Creon are completely unjustified. Also, when Jocasta realizes that Oedipus is her real son and that the prophecy has come true, she desperately tries to stop Oedipus from continuing with his investigations as she pleads ‘listen I beg you do not do this thing’ (line 1008). But the adamant ruler pays no heed thinking that she is concerned whether or not he will be of humble birth. Thus, Sophocles shows the defects of an otherwise ideal ruler. An instance of hamartia or character flaw is presented here.

Oedipus not only makes hasty and wrong judgements about the prophet and his brother in law, Creon, but he is also scornful in dealing with an important authority like Teiresias. The aforementioned instances of how Oedipus treats Creon and Teiresias can also be considered when viewing another one of Oedipus’ tragic flaws which lead to his downfall and play a role in Oedipus’ free will being that Oedipus is a proud figure who doesn’t take advice well and possesses traits of being impetuous and short-tempered. Teiresias is reluctant to reveal the dreadful secret that the murderer whom Oedipus is seeking so desperately is none other than Oedipus himself yet Oedipus’ hounding forces him to speak. Although Teiresias speaks the truth, it is only the audience who knows that he is right while an angry and arrogant Oedipus adamantly refuses to believe what Teiresias says and instead, brands him a traitor. He is also arrogant when denouncing Teiresias’ prophetic capabilities. In addition, after realizing the prophecy had come true, Jocasta begs him to let the mystery go unsolved as she cries ‘Everything that I say is for your own good!’ (line 1010). Oedipus replies ‘My own good. Snaps my patience then; I want none of it’ (line 1011). In is in his own vain that he must solve the final riddle of his own life. It is Oedipus’ impetuous and short-tempered nature that lands him in a fight with Laios at the crossroads. The consequence is that he kills Laios. Oedipus has killed his father and thereby fulfilled the first part of the oracle. Fate has played its trick assisted by the very nature of Oedipus.




Oedipus’ character is controlled by fate yet at the same time his impulsive and short tempered nature contributes to his fate. Oedipus’ disastrous outcome wasn’t totally controlled by his free will. The actions leading to Oedipus’ outcome which occurred before he ran away from Corinth weren’t caused by Oedipus’ free will but by other forces controlled by fate. For one thing, his being brought to Corinth and raised by the Corinthian king and queen was due to the actions of the Theban and Corinthian shepherds. Another point to consider is the fact that Oedipus’ free will didn’t have anything to do with him hearing a drunken fool calling him a bastard which lead to Oedipus heading to the Delphic oracle to question his true identity. It also wasn’t Oedipus’ free will that prevented his adoptive parents from telling him the truth about his identity in which case if Oedipus had known the truth, he wouldn’t have run away to Thebes to try to escape his fate. When Oedipus tears his eyes out, he is accepting the full burden of his acts and knew that he must be punished for his sins. Therefore, the last act of destruction was caused by Oedipus’ free will but his tragic fate came about because of the gods intervening in human affairs. Also, when the chorus asks Oedipus what god urged him to blind himself, we notice how he realizes that although the gods control his fate, his free will also contributed to his tragic outcome as he replies ‘the god was Apollo. He brought my sick fate upon me. But the blinding had was my own’ (line 186-187) in which case he claims responsibility for his actions. Initially, Oedipus is portrayed as a responsible king. As we watch the play, we learn that he had previously saved the kingdom from the torture of the Sphinx and thus his impulse of solving riddles came in handy as it served a good cause. However, this good fortune is only an illusion rather than a reality.

Oedipus’ unyielding desire to uncover the truth about Laios’ murder and the mystery surrounding his own birth is a major character flaw that led him to the tragic realization of his horrific deeds. Again, the previous examples can be taken into account in considering Oedipus’ character flaw in which case Oedipus ignored Teiresias and Jocasta who tried to stop him from pursuing the truth as the previous results may be unpleasant but he stubbornly continues on his unrelenting quest for the truth. Oedipus treats Teiresias respectfully at first because he believed that he had the answers to solve the mystery of Laios’ murder. When Teiresias told Oedipus that he was the murderer, he became enraged and calls him a liar. He is unable to stop his quest for the truth even under his wife’s pleading. Oedipus’ impulse to solve mysteries takes him to Delphi to seek the truth about his parentage. It is also the impulse to solve the riddle of the Sphinx that brings him to Thebes where he ends up marrying the widowed Queen Jocasta. By marrying his mother, the second part of the oracle is fulfilled aided by Oedipus’ nature. The persistence of Oedipus is heightened when he attempts to solve the riddle of his own life and yet is denied the truth by the shepherd who pray to Oedipus not to continue digging into the mystery ‘ For God’s love my King, do not ask me any more!’ (line 1100). Although the Theban shepherd is reluctant to talk, Oedipus grills him with questions to the point of threatening him with death if he doesn’t tell the truth as he harshly replies ‘You are a dead man if I have to ask you again’ (line 1101). Due to his unquenchable thirst for solving riddles, Oedipus has brought ruin upon himself and his household but he is also fearless as he doesn’t back down from his quest although he fears the worst. Oedipus expresses his fears about Teiresias’ prophecies and accusations. He then expresses his suspicion of having murdered King Laios. The Corinthian messenger asks Oedipus to take the kingship of Corinth but Oedipus expresses his reluctance as he fears his fate according to which he will marry his own mother.

Another factor ultimately contributing to Oedipus’ destruction is his insolence towards the gods. He ran away from his home in Corinth in hopes of outsmarting the gods’ divine will as he sought ways to escape the horrible destiny told by Apollo’s oracle. Rather than face his fate, he attempts to run from it thereby defying the gods. This is also evident when he remarks ‘Why should a man give heed to the birds that jangle above his head?’ (line 415-416), in which case he refers to the prophetic signs of the gods sarcastically after finding out his presumed father died a natural death and not by his own hands as prophesised. The consequences of defying the gods is hinted throughout the play as the chorus warns us of man’s need to have reverence for the gods and the dangers of too much pride as they remark ‘The tyrant is a child of pride who drinks from his great sickening cup, wreckless and vanity, until from his high crest headlong he plummets to the dust of hope’. The chorus uses figurative language to deepen the meaning of their words and emphacise the consequences of arrogance and pride provoking the ire of the gods in which case if a man steps beyond what is his destiny, he may be struck down. The chorus has also personified pride as the parent of the tyrant and metaphorically compares recklessness and vanity as liquids the tyrant drinks. In addition, the chorus metaphorically compares the tyrant’s good fortune to the crest of a mountain while his downfall is compared to a fall from the crest of a mountain. The chorus conclude this tragedy with their last words of wiseness by warning the Greeks that the only way to find happiness is through humility and respect towards the gods. Thus Oedipus atones for his sinful existence through self-infliction and self-exile. It is through this vain that he discovers humility and reverence for the gods. Earlier in the play, Oedipus is shown to be an impetuous and arrogant man who defies all who don’t agree with him. By the end of the play, a new Oedipus has emerged who has been humbled and who has been accountable for his sins regardless of whether or not he has inflicted them consciously or not. Oedipus was guilty of killing his father and marrying his mother but perhaps the true sin lay in his over zealous attempt to raise himself to the level of the gods by trying to escape his fate. Although Oedipus had taken the prophecy seriously, he would’ve avoided conflicts or interactions with older people. Instead, he acts in a rash manner. In attempting to escape the fate ordained him by the prophecy, Oedipus brought ruin upon himself and the kingdom of Thebes.

Both concepts of fate and free will played and integral part in Oedipus’ destruction. Oedipus’ fate ruined his life and lead him to a horrible death. however, Oedipus took many actions leading to his downfall and carried the seeds of his destruction within himself. Thus, Oedipus’ destiny is engendered by his own character defects. His temper and impetuous nature and his pride as well as his erroneous judgement all contribute to his eventual downfall. These character defects are governed by his fate and in turn aid his fate to take its course towards his destruction.



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Institutional Racism Makes Two Societies

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Institutional Racism Makes Two Societies

Try to imagine everyday life. Who do you see on television? Who do you see as political leaders? What kind of people do you see working as doctors and lawyers versus the kinds of people you see working at fast food restaurants and as garbage collectors? Who is on the list of the wealthiest Americans? Who do you see living in your neighborhood? Is it racially mixed or segregated? When you think of a criminal who comes to mind? When answering these questions you’ll probably see a pattern. Whites are associated with better job positions, better living conditions, better lifestyles and blacks are associated with things like welfare, crime, poverty, and a reputation for not caring. These assumptions are based purely on how society likes to portray blacks and whites. It is not the African Americans fault that they are portrayed in this way but the fact that they are still being treated differently than whites. There are definitely two societies a black society and white society and it will probably be that way for a long time. Institutional racism is to blame for the two societies on the basis that African Americans are discriminated against in the realms of education, health care, and criminal justice.

The fact that whites are viewed as supreme and above blacks probably has a lot to do with the fact that for hundreds of years they were. Slavery and the separating of the two societies have never been fully lived down. From the beginning of this countries birth they were separated and it is hard for people to not see skin color as a difference. Blacks have had to work to get where they are from basically nothing. When freed they had no money, no land, no education and whites had everything, so basically from then until now it has been blacks trying to catch up to whites. Today many think that discrimination and racism don’t take place because we as a society have learned to adapt but in actuality for most blacks poverty, unemployment, segregation, etc have all increased due to institutional racism. Since society is clearly trying to make it seem blacks and whites are extremely different from each other, that is the way blacks and whites are thinking resulting in the separation of societies.

One reason why institutional racism is a factor in having two societies is in relation to the education system. It is a known fact that more white children than black children go to college. This is due to the fact blacks have fewer educational opportunities and their education system is on a lower level (McGhan). For example where I live in the city of Cleveland, the city is basically split up into two sides the blacks on the east side and the whites on the west side. The west side has a better school system and more private schools than the east side. The east side schools are predominantly taught by black teachers and the west side taught by white teachers. Although the school system in Cleveland is not so good, the schools on the west side receive more money and the conditions of the buildings are better. Many say that it is the blacks fault because they ruined what they had but in actuality they don’t receive as much money and what they are learning is not as advanced as what predominately white students are learning.




Another reason why institutional racism promotes two societies is within the health care system. Since blacks are discriminated against in the education system, then they have less of a chance to get a good job and to have a job with benefits. So basically the problem starts out small but just keeps getting bigger and bigger when you add in all of the institutions that are involved in this racism. Since blacks do not have as good as jobs as whites due to education then they live in poorer housing developments and usually these communities are minority communities resulting in the division of blacks and whites. Since many practicing doctors are white and set up their practice in predominately white communities, black communities are under-served and have unequal access to hospitals and doctors. “A disproportionate number of blacks have no insurance, are unemployed, are employed in jobs that do not provide healthcare insurance, and disqualify for government assistance” (Randall). This then results in blacks becoming ill more frequently than whites and dying at a significantly higher rate.

The last reason why institutional racism keeps blacks and whites as two different societies is the discrimination within the criminal justice system. “Even though five times as many whites use “illegal drugs” as do blacks but blacks (who are just 1% of the U.S. population) are 6% of drug offenders send to state prisons” (Prejudice and Punishment). Just in that area of criminal justice alone blacks are being highly discriminated against. Not to mention the high rate of blacks being stopped by police on the road than whites even though the white population to the black population on the road is triple, maybe even quadruple. With the stereotypes of blacks being drug offenders and criminals, it is leading our police to believing it’s always true. Whites certainly do have the advantage when it comes to criminal justice because society just envisions the black person as always the one to blame, which is quite wrong and unfair. Even as far as black and white neighborhoods, the black neighborhood is always labeled as the unsafe one or the lower class one because of the discrimination of blacks in the criminal justice system.

Some people argue that we as a society and as a nation have come along way concerning the racial factor and that blacks and whites are living in one society. They argue that blacks and whites live together, work together, go to school together, attend events together and so on, but just because we interact with each other does not mean that we are one as a society. For example, I live in an all white neighborhood and last year a black family moved in. Everything was fine for awhile but then the black family got a black Barbie doll with blood on it in their mailbox telling them to go where they belong and this followed with more threats and very disturbing letters. Considering it is 00, I thought that those kinds of incidents didn’t occur anymore but I found out in a personal way that they do and it is very disturbing. To me it sounded like the neighborhood didn’t want them to move in because more and more blacks might come and somehow that was a bad thing. If we were one society then all of this hatred and discrimination toward one another wouldn’t be happening and we would be able to live without fear and rejection.

The society of the present day is substantially different from the society of the 18th, 1th, 0th centuries but there are still so many changes that need to happen in our society before we are able to say that we live as one society. No matter how many times people try and stop racism there are always new ways on how to get around the laws and successfully exclude blacks from the things they rightly deserve. Institutionalized racism is an example of how these racists get around the laws. Health care, education, and criminal justice system are only three of the many realms that blacks face each day with institutional racism and hopefully in the next century we can stop this racism, we can bring the white society and black society into one American society.

McGhan, Barry. “Racism Lives Today.” The Center for Public School Renewal.

http//comnet.org/cpsr/essays/racism1.htm

“Prejudice and Punishment Blacks unfairly treated in ‘War on Drugs’.” June 000,

http//csf.colorado.edu/forums/homeless/000/msg0080.html.

Randall, Vernellia R. ed. “Institutional Racism in the U.S. Health Care System.” The

University of Dayton School of Law. http//academic.udayton.edu/health/07humanrights/shadow01.htm

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Gender and Television

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Gender and Television

Gender and Television

Something Old




Something New

By Vernon L. Bigelow

Idaho State University

In the article “All in the Formula” by Emily Nelson we learn that sitcoms are, “The financial backbone of network TV. NBC’s ‘Friends’ brings in several hundred million dollars a year in advertising and it pulls viewers into other NBC shows, driving up overall advertising rates. The studio producing the show also gets mote than $1 billion for selling repeats” (Nelson, 00). So the success or failure of a new sitcom is big money for lots of people.

The problem is that all sitcoms must follow tried and true conventions while somehow making it all appear new. In the article Ms. Nelson says, “Writers must balance TV’s hunger for something new against a rigid set of conventions laid down in the 150s and honed to a science in the decades since” (Nelson, 00). An example of this the arrangement of the sitcoms set. The convention of a living room with a sofa in the center and a staircase behind it has been established as a successful convention since the early days of TV. Ms. Nelson mentions “Father Knows Best” as the earliest use of this convention but I believe it predates even that. I can remember in the earliest episodes of “I Love Lucy” that they used the sofa in the center of the living room from the very beginning. They also use a stairway to get back and forth from their landlord’s, Fred and Ethel Mertz apartment. In the new sitcom “Happy Family” the writers added an alcove off the living room with a dining table. This is not really as new as it had been used in “The Bill Cosby Show”, “All in the Family”, and is used in “That 70s Show”. One thing I have noticed that is different today than in the 150’s is bedrooms. I don’t remember ever seeing a bedroom in “I Love Lucy”, or the “The Honeymooners”. It’s as if all the houses and apartments were built without bedrooms. You never saw the adult in a bedroom or in bed together. You might see the children in their bedroom and in bed but never the adults. In the late 50’s and in the 60’s you began to see adult bedrooms but not in the early 50’s. Today the scenes in the adult’s bedrooms are an integral part of any sitcom. So even though most conventions of past successful sitcoms are carried on in today’s sitcoms the unrealistic self-censorship of not showing parents and adults in bedrooms has been eradicated. In fact if anything it has gone too much to the other extreme. Today sitcoms do not show parents and adults actually having sex but they do everything but that. Sex and all the situations that can arise from sexual relationships are now one of the big areas dealt with in modern sitcoms. Some modern sitcoms even have come be almost all about sex and sexual relationships.

Two other areas that convention and innovation have to walk a tightrope are the plot line and the roles played. The conventional plot line is loving parents or adults battling with their children or youths. In the earlier sitcoms you usually saw only one child (“I Love Lucy”, “The Dick Van Dyke Show”), two children (“Leave it to Beaver”, “The Ozzie and Harriet Show”), or in the rare case three children (“My Three Sons”). Today we see families with more children (“The Cosby Show”) or multiple children from several families within the main family’s domain (“That 70’s Show”). The convention is to have a main cast large enough to supply plenty of situations and jokes but not so large as to be unwieldy (somewhere between 4 and 7). Some sitcoms have used this convention with the innovation of either a larger rotating cast of regulars or guests such as you would see in a variety show or a drama so as to create more situations and jokes. Some conventional plot line formulas but by far not all of the formulas used in sitcoms are weddings gone wrong, misunderstandings, incongruity, immaturity, stupidity, and the happy ending.

Gender is also an area in which convention and innovation have struggled. Lucille Ball set the standard for leading female actresses in sitcoms. In the “I Love Lucy” show she’s the main focus of the whole situation comedy but her role was cast as a costar of Desi Arnaz. The star was Desi Arnaz. He was the “I” in “I Love Lucy” and the plot line was the situations that arose in his relationship with his wife Lucy. At the time the sitcom was made Lucille Ball had established herself as a leading lady and top comedian in the movies and the “I Love Lucy” series was based upon her already very successful radio program, ”My Favorite Husband”. However when the series was made into a TV sitcom, it was named the “I Love Lucy” not “My Favorite Husband.” The speaker of the radio program was Lucy Ricardo, whereas the speaker of the TV sitcom was Ricky Ricardo. The shows were the same; yet the radio program starred Lucille Ball and the TV sitcom starred Desi Arnaz. Lucille Ball’s/Lucy Ricardo’s subservience to Desi Arnaz/Ricky Ricardo is further demonstrated when Lucille Ball bought out the very successful RKO studios. Using her accumulated wealth and her substantial business acumen she made the new company the leading studio of the times, and yet named it Desilu Studios rather than Ludesi Studios. When the “I Love Lucy” show became a big success Lucille Ball gradually became the star until finally she became the lead and in some episodes she even starred entirely on her own with out Desi.

Consider just two of what are now considered some her best and most famous scenes, the chocolate factory, and the vegevitamin commercial. In both she established women as important members of the American work force (recall she was working with another woman who was a very capable worker) and she carried them totally on own. This established that woman could be the leading star of a successful TV program. This led to the eventual break up and divorce of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz and the end of the “I Love Lucy” series. After a short hiatus from TV she struck out on her own though with the very successful TV sitcom “The Lucy Show” which lasted for six years and then followed that with the “Here’s Lucy” for another additional six years. She established herself as a star on the level of Bob Hope and the Leading Lady of TV. When you see a Phyllisa Rashad in “The Bill Cosby Show”, a Jean Stapleton in “All in the Family”. Or a Roseanna Barr in “The Roseanna Barr Show” you are seeing women follow in the footsteps of Lucille Ball. She set the pattern, the standard, and a whole new genre for women in entertain and TV. When you see a woman play the part of second fiddle in a sitcom you are seeing the Lucy of the sitcom, “I Love Lucy”. When you see a woman playing the leading star of a sitcom you are seeing the Lucy of “The Lucy Show, and “Here’s Lucy”. Before her women were just costars to the leading men. But after her success with “The Lucy Show”, and “Here’s Lucy” she established a new convention a woman as the lead and star of the show. Without her precedent setting shows it is very doubtful we would ever have had the “Carol Burnett Show” or “The Mary Tyler Moore Show”. Today they a lot less subservient to the male lead than in the past and usually get at least equal billing with the their male costars. We now see women in all types of roles, and all kinds of situations as stars and leads on TV. On TV a woman can even be President of the United States. In the early 50’s women played a secondary role to men on TV. Today they can and do play anything their imagination leads them too.

References

1. Nelson, Emily. (00). “All in the Formula, For New Comedies Old Rules Are Serious Business”; Wall Street Journal, Vol. CCXLII, No. 66, pp. A1 & A10, October , 00

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henry

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Henry IV, Part One details the struggle of King Henry IV to maintain his control of the English throne which he usurped from Richard II. The play begins with news that one of his commanders, Mortimer, has lost a battle to Glyndwr in Wales. However, another commander, Hotspur, has succeeded in defeating Douglas in Scotland, but refuses to send his prisoners back to the king.

Henry is furious about this, since prisoners are a way of earning money through ransom. He orders Hotspur to yield the prisoners under threat of punishment. Hotspur, impulsive as always, tells his father Northumberland that he will never give up the prisoners. Worcester tells Hotspur that it would be smarter to turn over the prisoners but at the same time form an alliance with Douglas and Glyndwr, and thus raise an army with which to overthrow Henry IV.

Hal, the affectionate name for Prince Harry, the son of King Henry, is a prodigal and a madcap (thief). He wastes his time in taverns with the lower classes of English society, and spends a great deal of time with a fat nobleman named Falstaff. In the first act Hal agrees to participate in a robbery in order to experience it. However, at the end of the scene and in soliloquy, Hal indicates to the audience that he is merely in disguise, and that he fully expects to assume the reins of power in the near future.

The thieves, led by Falstaff, carry out their robbery. Hal and Poins, another robber, play a trick on the thieves by robbing the money from Falstaff. The next night in the tavern Falstaff tells a roaringly funny tale about how he fought with many men before being defeated. Hal finally reveals the secret of the attackers to him, at which point Falstaff claims that he knew who it was all along, but that he did not wish to harm the Prince of Wales (Hal).




The rebels, led by Hotspur, unite Douglas from Scotland and Glyndwr in Wales. Together with the Archbishop of York they start to raise an army, gathering their forces at Shrewsbury. Hotspur does not get along well with Glyndwr, whom he views as being too mystical. The men also start to argue about how they will split up the territories, since Hotspur wants England, Douglas Scotland, and Glyndwr Wales.

King Henry calls Hal into his throne room and begs his son to mend his ways. Hal agrees to be more myself in the future. Henry then informs his son that the rebels are mobilizing near Shrewsbury, and Hal receives a military command. He immediately starts to prepare for war with Hotspur. Henry assembles his own armies and starts moving towards Shrewsbury. Almost as a joke, Falstaff receives an infantry command from Hal, which is difficult for him since he is too fat to be able to walk very far.

At Shrewsbury, King Henry offers to fully pardon the rebels if they decamp and return to their homes. Hotspurs agent, Worcester, fails to deliver this message to Hotspur because he is convinced that Henry will not honor the pardon. Thus Hotspur feels trapped into fighting. To make matters worse, Glyndwr is unable to arrive on time, causing the rebels to have far fewer men than they had expected. At the same time, Northumberland falls ill and is unable to help rally his troops. Hotspur, unable to wait any longer, decides to go ahead with the battle preparations anyway.

Henry puts nobles on the field dressed as himself as a form of protection. Douglas kills several of the impersonators before encountering Henry. The two men start to fight, but Hal arrives in time to save his father and chase Douglas away. Henry comments that he is sorry he ever doubted his sons abilities.

Hal next encounters Hotspur. After a brief exchange of words they start to fight with on another. While the two young men are fighting, Falstaff arrives and encourages Hal to victory. Douglas also arrives and attacks Falstaff, who soon falls down as if he were dead. Hal succeeds in killing Hotspur, but is sad that Falstaff has also been killed.

No sooner does Hal depart then Falstaff gets back to his feet and stabs Hotspurs body. He then picks up Hotspur and takes the credit for killing him. Hal cannot believe Falstaffs lies, but decides it is not worth arguing about.

King Henry succeeds in winning the battle once the leaders are killed or captured. He sentences Worcester and Vernon to death for their failure to offer his pardon to Hotspur. Hal chooses to pardon Douglas and set him free, realizing that this is strategically necessary if he wants to rule Scotland in the future. Henry then splits his army into two parts, one of which will march on York, the other of which will attack Glyndwr.



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bunch of shit

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sales service).

[In case you use Sony Digital Video Cassette Recorder]

If Windows XP is installed on your computer and you connect

the digital video cassette recorder for the first time,

[Add new hardware Wizard] dialog appears and [AV/C Tuner] is

detected. In this case, please select [Automatic search for a

better driver (Recommend)] and then click [Next].

[Windows was unable to locate the software for this device]

appears, however, there is no problem in using the DVgate

program.

A user with administrator privileges needs to carry out

this work.

[Recommended settings and limitations of DVgate application]

Each DVgate application needs hardware resource like CPU and

hard disk.

Please make sure you read the recommended settings and

limitations included in the online Help or the instruction

manual.

[Display Resolution/Color]

This software is intended to work with more than High Color

(16bit) Windows display.

Colors may not be displayed properly with less than 56 Color

Windows display.

[Resolution Change]

When you change the display resolution, please exit the

application and launch it again.

When you set the Windows Display properties to high

resolution, high refresh rate and high color, the movie or

sound may not play smoothly.

[Monitor Display]

You can change the DV CODEC image resolution on the monitor

window of this software (DVgate Motion, DVgate Still and

DVgate Assemble). However, if you increase the resolution,

the movie or sound may not play smoothly or the overall

operation of the application may become slow. In that case,

please reduce the resolution.

[The problem related with DVgate audio]

When playing the movie of the tape or the file using the

DVgate applications, the sound may stop for a second.

However, there is no problem with the sound of the movie that

is recorded or output using DVgate Motion and the sound of

the file that is output using DVgate Assemble.

[Compensation for contents]

If by any chance, capture and record fail because of a DV device

or software problem, please be advised that we cannot compensate

for the contents.

[Copyright]

Unauthorized use of the captured or recorded movie(s) except

for individual fun is prohibited.

[Connecting the DV device]

If Windows XP is installed on your computer and you switch user

when DVgate Motion is controlling the DV device,

DVgate Motion/Still may not connect or may take a long time to

connect to the DV device. In this case, please re-start

DVgate Motion/Still after the device stops.

[When the DV device is connected to the computer]

If Windows XP is installed on your computer, every time you

connect the DV device to your computer, the [Digital Video

Device] dialog appears. Please close the dialog by clicking

[Cancel] if DVgate Motion (or Still) is running.

If you do not want the dialog to be displayed in future, please

select the [Take no action] icon on the [Digital Video Device]

dialog, check the [Always perform the selected action] check box

and then click [OK].

[Files exceeding 100 minutes]

The length of movie files exceeding 100 minutes may not be

displayed correctly with DVgate Motion/Assemble. However, there

will be no problem in exporting them to files or DV devices.

--------------------------------------------------------------

Precautions (DVgate Motion)

[In case you use Sony Digital8]

Please switch to [IMPORT-Manual (manual capture)] mode if you

want to capture the movie recorded in analog format (High8/ 8mm).

[In case the tape has unrecorded area]

If the tape has unrecorded area in between the IN and OUT points,

you will not be able to capture properly.

Please make sure to set the IN and OUT points without including

unrecorded area between them.

[Capture from a discontinuous time code area]

Please switch to [IMPORT-Manual (manual capture)] mode if you

want to capture from a discontinuous time code area.

[Splice recording from the end of a recorded area]

In the [EXPORT-Auto] mode, if you start recording the movie

from the end of a recorded area on the DV tape, DVgate may not

detect the correct position and may not perform splice recording.

Please insert 0 or more frames of blank image at the end of

the original image when performing splice recording.

[Cancel while controlling the DV device]

If Windows 000 Professional or Windows XP (Home Edition/

Professional) is installed on your computer and DVgate Motion

is controlling the DV device, it may take a long time to exit that

operation even if the operation is canceled.

If Windows XP is installed on your computer and another

user logs on when the DV device is being controlled, DVgate Motion

will cancel controlling the DV device. Then, if the original user

logs on, DVgate Motion may not be displayed properly. It will

however return to normal display after the cancel operation

is completed.

[In case you use the DV device with the PC-Signal convert

function]

Please do not use the PC-Signal convert function while recording

movie to the DV device. Regarding the PC-Signal convert function,

please refer to the instruction manual of your DV device.

[The problems related to the DV devices that have only the DV

OUT jack]

For a DV device that has only the DV OUT jack, DVgate Motion

may not be able to scan, mark, or batch capture.

In that case, display the image of the tape on the monitor

window by either playback, pause, etc. and then try again.

--------------------------------------------------------------

NTSC/PAL Switcher

The folder where DVgate Motion is installed includes NTSC/PAL

switching tool (DVsigchg.exe).

[NTSC/PAL Switcher Overview]

NTSC/PAL Switcher is a utility to switch the settings of a

PC in order to match the video format (NTSC or PAL) of

the connected device.

General TV video format used in Japan and the US NTSC

General TV video format used in Western Europe PAL

The initial setting of the video format of this software

is matched to the setting of the country of purchase.

[Precautions for use]

Please make sure you use this utility after exiting all

DVgate applications.

You need to restart your computer after switching to the

appropriate video format.

[Limitation]

DVgate has already been verified to work with the DV device

having the video format (NTSC or PAL) applicable to the country

of purchase. It has not been verified to work with the DV device

having the video format applicable to other countries.

[How to use]

Please launch the NTSC/PAL Switcher by double-clicking

DVsigchg.exe in the folder where DVgate Motion is installed.



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Sojourner Truth

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Sojourner Truth. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Sojourner Truth paper right on time.

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Sojourner Truth was born a slave named Isabella Baumfree sometime in 177 in Ulster county, New York. The exact date of her birth is to this day unknown, but it is believed to have been sometime during the fall. She developed her characteristics of courage and dependability from her mother, Mau Mau Bett, at an early age. Isabella was first owned by a Dutch named Charles, who was happened to be a decent slave owner. At his death, she was separated from her mother and auctioned to another set of plantation owners, the Neelys. Isabella was highly mistreated here as they took their dislike of the Dutch community out on Isabella, who spoke hardly a word of English. She was bought and sold three times within the next twenty-four months, the final purchaser being a man named John Dumont for the incredibly low bargaining price of three hundred dollars.

Dumont needed more slaves for his New York plantation. He always bragged that Isabella was the hardest working slave on the plantation. Seeing this, he forced her to marry a fellow slave known as Tom. Isabella gave birth to five children within the next five years. Two years before the emancipation act of 188, in which all slaves within New York were freed, Dumont promised Isabella that if she were to work extra hard the next year, he would set her free a year early. She did just that; she was the even harder working already hardest working slave on the plantation.

In her speeches, she spoke of the living conditions many slaves were forced to endure, crowded together into cabins with no privacy, overworked, fed scraps in many cases, and clothed raggedy scraps. Her audiences must have felt the shame as Truth recalled the auction block, upon which men and women alike were frequently forced to strip and stand before potential buyers, who would search their bodies for marks of the whip or of wrist or leg irons, the presence of which would indicate the slave had been frequently punished. The slaves would be forced to endure impersonal and degrading inspections of their teeth, muscles, and other body parts, depending on what the buyer was looking for in the purchase. When the time came, though, Dumont broke his promise. Isabella, realizing she had been tricked, escaped with her infant child in her arms in October of 187 to the refuge of a Quaker family.

She became an outspoken advocate of womens rights as well as blacks rights. In 184, she changed her name to Sojourner Truth. Everywhere she spoke she made a lasting impression. She was physically strong and over six feet tall and she had a powerful, booming voice.




As a speaker, Sojourner Truth became known for her quick wit and powerful presence. She would never be intimidated. Because of her powerful speaking ability, independent spirit and her six foot frame, she was often accused of being a man. She ended that in Silver Lake, Indiana when she exposed herself to the audience that accused her.

In the 1850s, she wrote a book, which was published by William Lloyd Garrison. She was influenced to write poems and books because of her experiences with racism and slavery. Harriet Beacher Stowe, the author of Uncle Toms Cabin, also wrote about an encounter she had with Ms. Truth and called it “Sojourner Truth, the Libyan Sibyl”. Sojourner Truth led a fulfilling life, which brought her to be the icon she has become. In 10, a robot due to explore the surface of mars was named after the African American hero. Just as Truth, the mechanical robot was traveling and in search of truth.

Many honors have been received by this remarkable woman. She did as she believed to be right, and did not care how the others felt about her message. She did everything in her power to bring about change in a nation.. She never lived to see equality between genders or the total desegregation between races. She contributed a lot to the elimination of racism.



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Interpretation of The Praise of Folly

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For our story, the Praise of Folly is most fascinating for its trenchant and central satire on war and warmakers, past and present. Within the whole work this forms a structure of relentlessly ironic social criticism, both destructive and constructive. Erasmus was addressing himself to an audience which, if schooled in the quite usual medieval patterns of thought, customarily regarded war (like the plague) as caused by man¡¦s sin and God¡¦s answering justice, yet at the same time (since St. Augustine) as an action approvable as just and Christian. The accretions of chivalrous romance, moreover, had dressed war in a heroic glamour suitable for one of nobility¡¦s most glorious occupations. In startling contrast, Erasmus presented a Christian-humanist image of war and warmakers as beastly, hellish, corruptive of human society, unjust, and unchristian. War is not treated as an incurable form of human folly; it is not in the nature of things inevitable and necessary; it is corrupted men who make it so. The satire was designed progressively to amuse, surprise, shock, appall, and, finally, prompt pensive men to re-examine time-hallowed medieval values and authorities then¢was necessary¢wto modify and reform them through the right use of reason and the Scriptures.

The Silenus box is a case carved like an ugly Silenus that can be opened to reveal beautiful, precious objects (Erasmus 4, footnote). This box appears in Erasmus The Praise of Folly as a metaphor for the central claim in the novel, which is that that which appears to be Folly (ugly) externally, is wise (precious) within. Erasmus reveals this dichotomy on three levels in the image of the box itself, in his genuine praise of Folly, and in the structure of the novel as a whole.

Erasmus, using the female voice of Folly, introduces his reader to the image of the Silenus box early in the text, thereby allowing his reader to carry the image with her for the rest of her time reading (and see its metaphoric nature when appropriate). Folly makes the introduction, saying, All human affairs... have two aspects quite different from each other. She then goes on to explain that this means, according to Plato, that things that appear at first blush... to be death, will, if you examine [them] more closely, turn out to be life... in brief, you will find everything suddenly reversed if you open the Silenus (4). In more direct terms, something which on its surface seems one way (the bad way), has opposite (good) guts. In The Praise of Folly, the pair of opposites that Erasmus focuses on is that of folly and wisdom.

By including a passage dedicated to the description of the Silenus, Erasmus gives his readers a concrete picture to grasp onto that stands for the novels link between this pair of opposites, which is that wisdom comes under the wrapping of folly. The passage allows the reader to understand this central concept more easily. The concept, in its many manifestations, can be brought back to the same single image the box. Silenus box serves as an illustration (a picture book, if you will) for the complicated Praise of Folly, thereby making the readers task of distinguishing between different narrators, and different textual layers, easier.




Folly, being folly, goes on from her initial description of the box to give the majority of her list backwards (although she begins correctly), claiming that if the list goes in one direction, it must, of course, go in the opposite direction as well (shes a woman -- you cant expect her to be reasonable (8)). To do this, she abruptly inserts the word conversely (4), and continues with a long backward list. Life will turn out to be death; beauty will become ugliness, and so on, she says (4). In this backwards list, good outsides cloak bad insides. She then uses this inverted list as a springboard to celebrate wise appearances (although this is the exact opposite of the central message of the book, which is the celebration of foolish appearances).

She declares that esteemed members of the community are truly members of her (Follys) clan, and that all they have of wisdom is its appearance. Kings and great courtiers... find suitable pretexts within which they can steal from their citizens and live in luxury so that downright injustice at least has some appearance of justice (107-8). Popes, cardinals and bishops also behave artificially. They play their roles with theatrical pomp and ceremonies, but as much as they abide by the superficial demands of their positions, inside they are not genuinely pious. These are just a few examples of generally respected authorities regularly acting on the outside as if they are morally impeccable, while inside, they are morally rotten.

Folly celebrates their false wisdom, saying, To destroy the illusions by exposing them would ruin the whole play of life (4). Folly defends their false grandeur by claiming that people could not be happy otherwise, for lifes play would be ruined. Although this application of the metaphor is an inverted version of the Silenus box, it is interesting as a criticism of esteemed authorities. The reason the Silenus box metaphor is used in a backwards (foolish) way in this section may be Erasmus way of distancing himself from his books criticisms of these powerful people. By having Folly deem them as being wise only externally, Erasmus removes himself from being politically incorrect. If anyone was insulted, he could just point to the text and laugh at them for being insulted by Follys understanding of them.

Finally, at the end of the novel, Erasmus seemingly true voice is temporarily inserted in place of Follys. He applies the Silenus box metaphor properly, and makes a singular genuine praise of Folly (who before had only herself to praise her). He brings his reader back to the original (non-inverted) metaphor, saying that what is ugly (foolish) without is beautiful (wise) within. To do this, he states, Only fools have a license to declare truth without offense (1). To substantiate his extreme claim, he quotes Paul take me for a fool... we are all fools for the sake of Christ, says the wise apostle (17). Likewise, Erasmus appeals to Jeremiahs attribution of wisdom... to God alone, leaving folly as the lot of all men (11). Paul and Jeremiah say that those who think themselves wise are actually fools for allotting themselves an attribute that only God has. Erasmus clearly has a similar message in mind in his statement that only fools have a license to declare truth without offense because he chooses to quote Jeremiah and Paul to substantiate his statement.

Erasmus is praising those who call themselves fools, for they are the ones who exhibit humble modesty under God, thereby declaring truth without offense. Again, the parallel to the Silenus box is easily drawn. The self-professed (self-carved) fool is the ugly exterior, and the wisdom within is the beautiful, precious object (4). This specific point echoes the solidly humanist phrase which Erasmus himself reputedly said Men are not born, but fashioned. Wise men must fashion themselves the faces of fools.

Erasmus true compliment to Folly, that she is the shroud for wisdom, is also a compliment to the novel itself. For the novel, Erasmus covers his naturally reasonable and male (8) writing voice with a humorous and base (11) fictional voice. This character voice is itself Folly -- a woman (silly creatures, but nevertheless amusing and pleasant(8)). Yet, despite the fact that Erasmus gives himself the voice of this Platonic fool, The Praise of Folly holds in its pages much wisdom, including the very wisdom that is designed at convincing the reader of its own high status (that that which is foolish without, is wise within). Erasmus is demonstrating his true wisdom by artificially giving himself the tongue of the fool. In other words, he is exhibiting his wisdom by dressing as a woman to cover his reasonable manliness. In this same literary tradition, Rabelais utilizes this peculiar narrative technique in Gargantua and Pantagruel, where he too hides the wisdom in his work behind the veil of foolish, and even vulgar, language.

Erasmus inclusion of the passage explaining the Selenus box allows it to be a metaphor for the central concept in the novel. Through its presence, Erasmus gives us, his readers, a tool with which to separate the layers of his text. Without it, we might be stranded (after reading) with the inaccurate belief that Erasmus was a babbling hypocrite, with contradictory ideas sprinkled throughout his work. But, I suppose, we could have just attributed that fault to Folly, who is always more than willing to accept such a title



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