Reform Judaism in the 19th Century

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The most extreme precursor to the Reform movement was a man by

the name of Samuel Holdheim. He was born in 1806 in Kempo in the

province of Posen. At a young age he studied at a yeshiva and received

a Talmudic education. He began to study German and secular subjects




after his marriage to a woman with a modern education. After their

divorce several years later, he began studying at the University of

Prague and Berlin and received a doctorate from the University of

Leipzig. Following service in Frankfurt -Am-Oder he became a

Landesrabbiner or chief Rabbi of Mecklenberg-Schewerin. In the year

1847 he became the rabbinate of a reform congregation in Berlin . At

this point he already disapproved of most liberal Rabbis and came to

be known as the most exemplar of reform Rabbis in all of Europe ( 41)

The question comes to mind as to what exactly triggered this

different belief in Judaism which differed significantly from previous

tenents. It started during the time of the French revolution, a time

when European Jews were (for the first time) recognized as citizens of

the countries in which they lived in. Ghettos were being abolished,

special badges were no longer required and Jews could dress the way

they wanted, settle were they pleased and work the occupations they

desired.

Many Jews settled outside of Jewish districts, and began to

live like their neighbors and speak the language of the land. They

went to public schools and began to neglect Jewish Studies and forget

about he Shulchan Aruch.

In 1815, after Napoleons defeat, Jews lost the rights of

citizenship in many countries. Many Jews converted to Christianity in

order to retain those rights. Many thoughtful Jews were concerned

about this. They realized that many of these changes took place not

because of a dislike for Judaism, but in order to obtain better

treatment. Many rabbis believed that the way to address this was to

force Jews to give up public schools and universities. This didnt

work.

Rabbis suggested that observance might have to be changed in

order to appeal to the Jew living the modern world. They realized that

every now and then old practices and new ones were introduced,

resulting in a different lifestyle then 4000 or even 000 years

previously. They fathomed that these changes often made life easier

for the Jew. They concluded that in order to make Judaism attractive

to all Jews this change had to continue. A group of Rabbis assembled

in Germany, and changes began, thus developed the start of Reform

Judaism. Holdheim a reform Rabbi himself felt that the Jews living

during his time period should change the laws given to them at Mt.

Sinai and the halacha that the Talmud and Mishna state. Holdheim

believed that the laws of the Torah and the Talmud that were in effect

when the Jews had their own country and government have lost their

legitimacy. Judaism now had to be in accord with both the letter and

the spirit of laws of the nations they were living among. Even the

laws of the Torah whose source was God had to be regarded as valid for

certain times and places as he said with the change of the

circumezces and conditions of life for which God once gave those

laws , the laws themselves cease to be operative, that they shall be

observed no longer because they no longer can be observed. Thus ,

Holdheim said that the biblical and Talmudic laws concerning marriage,

divorce and personal status are no longer relevant and the Jews in

these cases should be ruled by the state government (Sasson 85). He

concluded that laws between man and man should be left to the rule

of the state they lived in but questions of prayer and religious

institutions should be left to the Rabbis because prayer was the

most important part of religious life.

Holdheim denied the authority of the Talmudic dicta, the oral

law. He says that it was written by the hand of man but was divinely

inspired. His conclusion was that Jewish life should be based on

spiritual and ethical guidance of the Torah. Even though he didnt

reject the Talmud and Mishna one-hundred percent for him they were no

longer used for Jewish law but storehouses of wisdom and ethics (Gay

155). Illustrations of commandments that he rejected during this time

period were the celebration of Shabbat on Saturday. The reason for

this was there was normal school on Saturdays and the Jews felt school

was more important than observing the word of God (Gay 155). Holdheim

also went a little far fetched and said that he couldnt find anything

wrong with intermarriage , even though the Torah clearly states it. He

also stated in 1844 that circumcision wasnt required even though he

had absolutely no reason for this( 4). Other important beliefs of

Holdheim were anti-Zionism, the observance of only one day festivals

and that men and women should be treated equally in terms of mitzvot

(Gay 155). Most of these changes in the religion were so that the Jews

should adapt with the nation they were living in. Since they

themselves didnt constitute a nation and these laws were prerogatives

of the state the Jews should abide by the law of the land (Sasson

85).

Reform Judaism wasnt the only way of belief during this time

period. Others like Samson Raphael Hirsch went in the totally

opposite direction of Holdheim. Hirsch felt that Judaism had to be

observed the way we were told to under almost any and every

circumezce(Gay 154). If Hirsch wouldnt have taken this different

ezd a true Jewish nation wouldnt exist today. Holdheim didnt

realize that he was weakening the nation and could have ultimately led

to the extinction of the Jewish people



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Caterpillar

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Caterpillar has been around for a long time and the company has been through a lot of ups and downs, but for some strange reason they have still held their ground in the heavy equipment industry. We have been hearing about Caterpillar; some of us can even remember having little toy tractors and cranes that we played with as kids that had that infamous Cat engraved on the sides. In this analysis, I will focus on the CEOs, Board of Directors, mission Identification, intent, corporate level strategy, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, buyers, suppliers, and new entrants.

CEOs and Board of Directors

Through out the case, three CEOs were mentioned George Schaefer, Dan Fites and Glen Barton. Mr. Schaefer was the CEO that helped with the comeback of Cat in terms of his human relations oriented leadership style. Mr. Schaefer came along at a very good time for the Caterpillar Company. He had very good people skills which helped him when he dealt with employees. He was once called the best manager the construction industry has ever had by one analyst in the case. Mr. Fites had a much different style than that of Schaefer but was also successful as a leader. Fites was described as very determined and combatable; he was a hard liner who was feared by employees. He was very familiar with Japanese business practices and was instrumental in establishing Japanese type work teams in the company. Mr. Barton was the new guy, faced with the challenges of continuing the company’s success. He was a year veteran that had seen the company go through good times and bad times, and had first hand experience learning from two of the best CEOs Caterpillar had ever had in Mr. Schaefer and Mr. Fites.

Mission Identification




Caterpillar’s mission is to make profits selling their products and make progress possible around the world in terms of economics. When speaking of making progress, Caterpillar machines help build the world infrastructure thru construction (ex. highways and airports). Caterpillar engines provide power for developing nations and standby power for hospitals. Caterpillar has a network of over 00 dealers worldwide, with sales in over 00 countries.

Intent

Cat intended is to be the leader in providing the best machines, engines, and support services for its customers. Their objective, is to empower its employees to facilitate the cross utilization of employees, innovation, and teamwork.



Resources

Caterpillar’s management team � Schaefer, Fites, and Barton- was one resource, another intangible asset for Cat was its network of dealerships; Cats relationships with its dealers were very valuable. Cat’s employees were instrumental to its success during its reorganization period. In 1, Cat employed 67000 people. The expansion and upgrades to their IT system was a valuable resource, which allowed Cat to monitor inventories and control cost.

Corporate-Level Strategy

Caterpillar implemented a distribution and dealership network that contributed to the company’s worldwide success. The network included independent dealers, strategically located around the world, which sold and serviced Cat’s equipment. There are numerous examples of corporate level strategy in this case. For example, CEO Barton, during his tenure, undertook expansion into new markets by the development of new distribution channels, and establishing themselves as global competitors. Under CEO Schaefer’s direction, Caterpillar devised and implemented a series of strategies that included purchasing, manufacturing, marketing, personnel, and labor relations. Lastly, CEO Fites revamped Cat’s product development process, by utilizing an integrated approach based on Japanese-style functional teams.

Strengths

In terms of strengths, Schaefer’s development of the ESP (employee satisfaction program) benefited the company by reducing grievances, improving quality, saving assembly cost and reducing reject part rates. Instituting PWAF (plant with a future) improved overall conditions, and modernized tools and systems. The change from batch to cell manufacturing allowed Cat to gain more integration of the work process and reduce inventory levels by 50%. Cat had a reputable relationship with its dealers. To combat with price competition, Cat offered its dealers discounts when possible. They also assisted dealers during recessions, and helped them to conduct surveys relating to customer satisfaction.

Weakness

The rift between Cat and UAW was a major weakness. In 18, Cat experienced the longest strike by employees in the history of UAW despite the efforts of the ESP (employee satisfaction program); Cat’s inability to work effectively with UAW cost the company dearly. By 18, Cat had reached an agreement with the union. Because this agreement brought a sense of peace to the fight among the two, it is seen as a resource. Customer satisfaction is highly regarded by most companies, but Cat did not do a good job in this area in the past. Customer service is an imperative aspect of business that Caterpillar failed to realize.



Opportunities

Initially, Caterpillar set out to become one of the world’s most exclusive heavy-duty machinery movers. In the beginning, they were successful. However, an unstable economy forced them to venture out into new markets (small machines and tools). Global demand from heavy construction machines grew at a steady rate of 4.5% in the 10’s. The rate of growth was extremely fast in the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Threats

The crisis of 18 � 184 came from a global recession, strike, and unfavorable currency exchange rate. The use of old construction machines came to a stand still as the threat of highway construction slowed down to a halt in the 180’s. The price of oil declined, which would have made gas cheaper, but with no business Cat missed out on the opportunity to gain ground on the market. The ever-fluctuating dollar rose in value and made US exports more expensive abroad and U.S imports a lot cheaper at home. Cat’s heavy machines weren’t selling well which lead them to diversify their product line, hence leading them in the production of smaller light weight equipment (back hoes, farm tractors, and small bull dozers).

Buyers

Customers of Caterpillar are construction companies, government development agencies, miners, and engineering firms. In Cat’s light equipment division they supplied equipment to farmers, landscapers, homebuilders, gardeners, road pavers, or just any one who had a need for a light machine for yard work. That was the beauty of the light equipment market there was always someone with need to use a machine.

Suppliers

Caterpillar produced a couple of there own parts but majority of their parts were outsourced. Caterpillar used the just in time process to construct machines giving them about four hours of work on the assembly line at a time.

New Entrants

It is very hard for a new company to break into the heavy equipment industry and take over the market. Caterpillar doesn’t have much to worry about in that aspect. All they have to worry about are the companies that are already in business. If there was to be a new comer in the market, it would probably come after Caterpillars light equipment market.

Conclusion

Caterpillar is a company that has been shaken a few times but still manages to keep its head above water. It has done so by reorganizing its weaknesses and not being afraid to change its ways of doing things. Cat has managed to stay consistent with what it has been doing for years, both internally and externally except for a few diversification moves. Its CEOs have came through the ranks of the company, so they know exactly what Cat’s intentions are and they try not to stray too far from those intentions. Cat realizes that there is competition out there and that the company can’t get too complacent with its actions. My colleagues and I feel that if Caterpillar keeps that same mind frame they will keep being productive for years to come.



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Case Study: T&J’sUnderstanding Strategies &The Management Control Systems

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T&J’s

A Case Study

BACKGROUND

T&J’s, a coffee manufacturing and distribution company founded in 110, operates through its three roasting plants in the Midwest. The company’s headquarters in Columbus, Ohio makes all operating decisions which include preparing monthly financial statements, managing sales policies, and providing production schedules for the current month as well as the succeeding month to the plants. Each plant is considered a profit center as it has profit and loss responsibility.




T&J’s produces and sells its own brand of coffee throughout the Midwestern and Mid-Atlantic states. The overall coffee market is in decline while specialty premium and gourmet coffee sales are increasing.

T&J’S STRATEGY

T&J’s general strategy is to supply quality products to the high-end coffee market at the lowest possible cost. Their strategy hinges on the minimization of spot market purchases, maximization of surplus beans selling in the spot market, real time decisions on whether to use the excess purchased beans to make coffee or sell them in spot market, appropriate hedge strategy to protect profits from bean market price variations, precise control over manufacturing (roasting, grinding, and packaging), and a good plant maintenance program to avoid production downtimes.

The only competitive advantage of T&J’s business seems to be their strong purchasing department and production plants capable of precise roasting, grinding, and packaging different coffee beans.

CURRENT SITUATION

The issue at hand is that the plant managers are dissatisfied with the manner in which they are rated. Each roasting plant considered as a profit center has responsibilities for its respective profits and losses. Dissatisfaction amongst plant managers is primarily due to the lack of control they have over inputs, volumes, price and product mix, since both production rates and raw material costs are loaded on them. While marketing projections (sales budgets) dictate production rates in the plants, the raw material costs (represented by the contract covering a particular coffee shipment) are determined by the purchase department.

SITUATION ANALYSIS

T&J’s manufacturing and purchasing groups are considered as profit centers. However, a profit center should only be established if the management responsible for that area has adequate influence over both revenue and costs. An analysis of each responsibility centers with reference to their current control systems vs. the desired outcomes.

Production Facilities

At T&J’s, plant management controls a mere 8% of the total cost of sales at the production facilities, yet the plant manager performance is based on gross margin ($ 48,640) that includes sales ($ ,,860) minus cost of sales, including green coffee bean costs ($18,05,0).

Green Coffee bean costs are the responsibility of the purchasing department and are 6% of cost of goods sold of the production facilities. Because the plant manager controls only 8% of cost of goods sold, he will make efforts to reduce costs in the areas that he can control, such as, packaging, labor, and roasting. Plant manager may only be able to do this at the expense of quality.

Purchasing Unit

The purchasing unit operates autonomously, keeping its own records and handling all of the financial transactions relating to purchasing, sales to outsiders, and transfers to three company-operated roasting plants. It purchases green coffee beans on contract and transfers required quantities to the production facilities. The purchasing group also sells excess beans in the open market to other producers, coffee brokers or other roasters.

The control system for the purchasing department is a monthly income statement that measures only the effectiveness of open market sales of excess beans. The income statement only accounts for the sales price minus the cost of beans and excludes any administrative and overhead costs of running the department. It’s the central office (headquarters) that absorbs the administrative and overhead costs of purchase group as an element of general corporate overhead.

The current control system does not encourage the purchasing unit to keep a check on its administrative costs. Also since the production facility “takes” the entire costs of green coffee beans transferred, there is no incentive for the purchasing department to minimize the cost of goods sold.

Marketing Department

From the information given in case, it is not possible to determine the control system for the marketing department. However, in absence of a sales budget, the marketing department would not be motivated to have accurate sales forecast.

ANALYSIS SUMMARY

Due to the apparent absence of variance analysis, there is no way to know if the sales are higher or lower than budget, if purchase costs of beans are kept as low as possible, and if manufacturing is controlling the costs that they can influence. We can thus conclude T&J’s current control systems do not support their strategy to minimize costs.

RECOMMENDATIONS

T&J’s strategy and control systems must go hand-in-hand for its growth prospects. The basis of these recommendations is that each respective department, marketing, purchasing and production be judged for performance only they can control. Moreover, participative management policies must be evolved at the middle management level in order to check dissatisfaction amongst plant managers. Efforts must also be made to ensure cohesiveness of policies and operations of the three units. Also important is too give unit heads responsibility coupled with authority to focus on a strategy that allows for cost competitiveness, product differentiation, market penetration, understanding customer’s requirements and focus on key issues within organization.

The following suggestions coupled with a variance budget would allow T&J’s to chart a better control system for its current strategy

• The only functions the plant managers can control are the roasting, grinding and packaging functions. The company should establish production standards for making coffee and be graded on how efficiently the standards are met.

• The purchase unit should be judged and compensated based on how well its meets the projected purchase prices vs. actual costs. In addition, the purchasing unit should be measured on hedged price vs. average spot market prices. The purchasing group should also bear the cost of storage, contracts hedging or any other activities associated with purchasing the green coffee beans.

• Similarly, differences in sales mix, prices and volumes from plan should be charged to the marketing department favorably or unfavorably.



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evolution

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on evolution. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality evolution paper right on time.

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cartoon

Considering the small amount of space a cartoon occupies in print media, the popoularity of these tedious creations, the number of readers are attracted to them is truly phenominal.



FEATURED WORK




I often receive inquiries from young people

who wish to become cartoonists or humorous

illustrators. Id love to be able to answer each

inquiry personally but time will not allow for

that. Ive got to earn a living, you know!

So, Ive prepared a list in hopes that it will

answer most of your questions and provide

some guidance in pursuing a career

in this field. Here we go...

10. Draw! Draw! Draw! I cannot stress this

enough. This holds true for anything you

undertake in life. If you want to become

a cartoonist, musician, writer, athlete,

youve got to practice.

. Draw every day. Its the only way to improve.

Try not to get too discouraged when your

sketches dont turn out just right. Ive been at

this awhile and Im still learning!

8. Draw from life. Its fun to draw goofy and

wacky characters but youll be an even better

cartoonist if you sketch the real world around

you. Your family, friends, pets, objects and

natural environment drawn realistically

will give you a sound basis to exaggerate

your cartoony folk.

7. Develop your own look. We all have our

favorite cartoonists whos drawing style we

admire and while were learning, its fine to

emulate them. But after a period of time, you

dont want to continue to copy them exactly.

Your look will always show its influences and

thats OK.

6. Be an information sponge. Observe people

and how they behave. How do they dress?

Whats going on in the news? What are the

current catch phrases? Popular culture?

5. Experiment with different art tools. What

works best for one artist will be different than

what works for another. Try any sort of pen,

pencil, marker, brush, paint or paper you can

get your hands on. The computer can also be

used to draw and color.

4. Network with people who share your

interest. This will keep up your enthusiasm

for drawing and drive you to become better.

Youll be able to compare different techniques

and bounce ideas off of each other.

. Develop your sense of humor. What makes

people laugh? Learn how to set up a joke.

Can you come up with gags? This is vitally

important especially if you want to be a comic

strip artist.

. Work on your writing skills. Again, if you

want to get into the comic strip business,

the most important element is the humor

writing. A well written/poorly drawn strip will

sell before a poorly written/well drawn

one will.

1. Go to a good art school or university. One

that offers a degree in commercial art and

preferably with courses concentrating in

cartooning and animation.

Hope these pointers have been helpful. I wish

you the best of luck.

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Site Origin Like most fans of the super heroes, I was first attracted to the comics by the depictions of the characters in heroic stances and action poses. Bringing to life a world of incredible super beings. I can think back to all the comic book covers at the newsstands that had me eagerly flipping through the pages to follow the latest epic of my favorite heroes.

These powerful heroes were capable of anything. From deflecting bullets, surviving explosions, to dodging laser blasts; while they battle tirelessly against a horde of villains and their evil henchmen. At the same time, maintaining their high moral standards, ethics and compassion for their fellow man (even they happen to be super villains.) The focus of these books are on the super heroes. Their musculature, stamina, strength, agility, flexibility and resilience in the face of adversity. In other words, how you might picture a super hero who is capable of going out there trying to save the world everyday.

All the poses in these books were inspired by my favorite artists whose works span over thirty years of my life through my love of drawing, reading and collecting. As a dedication to all the fans of the super hero comic genre; to everyone who has ever been inspired by the multitude of amazing illustrators to create or recreate powerful drawings of the super human figures in action. So, from one die hard comic fan to another . . . ENJOY!

If we Assume that cartooning is a graphic attempt to tell a story (Prince Valiant); Make a joke (The Far Side); Or comment on our society-culture (Pat Oliphant); then cartooning is probably as old as mankind. Picture a gathering of the local hunting club in a cave with a smooth wall. There are Charred sticks from the remains of a fire to provide drawing tools. Seems inevitable doesnt it?

This is probably also how art criticism began, not to mention early attempts to censor cartoons. In some times and places cartooning has been a very dangerous occupation.

Mans first attempts to record events, thoughts, or dreams had to be in the form of pictures. We dont know the meaning of the cave painting at the right, except that it involves a group, action, and weapons. This art isnt a language, nor can it really tell a story. At best its an mnemonic, a memory aid, to help in remembering and retelling stories. Nearly every culture has left some record in this form. It could convey the rough sense of a few nouns and fewer verbs, all open to a wide range of interpretation. Adjectives and abstract concepts were beyond its scope. It could be classed as impressionistic art or as cartooning. Naturally I prefer the latter.



The next step in the development of written languages was a formal system of pictures and symbols that represented specific words or concepts, the pictograph. This evolved into the phonographic system where pictographs represented words, syllables and sounds, making it possible to write out words that had no specific pictograph of their own. Some written languages, such as Chinese and Egyptian never went much beyond this stage.

In most cases phonographic pictographs evolved into abstract forms that were easier to write. The Sumarians developed a system called cuniforms from pictographs. It involved writing on clay tablets with a wedge shaped stylus. Three of the stages in the evolution are shown above.

The Egyptians did it differently. They developed two forms of writing. Priests continued to use hieroglyphics (above left) for official and religous uses. Scribes developed a script or abstract form of the same hieroglyphics that were easier to write (The Hieratic script above right was the first of these). Despite the fact that they were just different symbols for the same meaning it became rare for for anyone to be able to read both. It wasnt as if you only had to memorize two alphabets The Egyptian phonographic system with symbols for words, syllables, and sounds had over 700 symbols to memorize.

At this point writing and cartooning cease to have much in common visually, but some things did carry over from hieroglyphics to our alphabet. The M or m is derived from the wavy line for water. Our O is the same symbol the as the hieratic symbol for eye (Shades of Little Oprhan Annie). In the examples below we have the symbol for Wall, that became our B. The symbol for bull was turned by stages until it became the modern A as ot passed from Egypt to Greece to Rome.

All civilizations must have had a sense of humor of some sort, its a part of human nature, but only a few have left us a record of it. Here well concentrate the most obvious, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.

Whatever taboos the Egyptians had, they didnt seem to have much to do with the usual ones of rank and religion.

F.W. Fairholdt, artist and antiquarian, copied hieroglyphics holding some element of humor for the Book A History of Caricature & Grotesque, 1865. Above on the left is one scene of a series showing a royal wine party where the guests need the aid of servants to stand or even sit up. In the case shown the maid isnt quite quick enough to catch the contents of her mistresses heaving. At the right is a scene from a sequence where young nobles leave on a hunting trip with porters to carry the game home. Theres little hunting done and lots of drinking, and the porters carry back not game but some very hung over young nobles.

The Egyptians seemed fond of humor that destroyed dignity or broke up solemn ocasions. Above is part of a sequence showing a funeral procession crossing the lake of the dead. The large boat hits a bar, backs off, ramming a smaller boat carrying provisions for the journey and the provisions are spilled. At the right we have dog faced apes ferrying a soul found wanting back to earth in the form of a pig.

The dog headed ape was sacred to the Egyptian god Thoth, who was sometimes seen with the head of an Ibis and sometimes the head of the dog headed ape (baboon). The apes are of special interest because they were later used by both Greeks and the Romans for parody. They also contributed to the myths of a monstrous race called Cynocephali, and the werewolf.

Some claim that Aesop borrowed many of his fables from the Egyptians, and that is supported by figures such as these. On the right is a cat herding a group of geese, and on the left is a fox carrying a basket in an Egyptian manner, and playing the double flute.



The Greeks used more satire and parody images than the Egyptians, but not nearly as much has survived. They didnt carve them into their monuments, or bury them in elaborate tombs, and the weather wasnt as effective at preserving things. Their paintings were encaustic (wax) and were too fragile to last long. We only know of many works because they have been described in Greek manuscripts. The name of one comic artist has come down to us who was evidently quite famous, Ctesicles. Most of the examples that have survived are from ceramics such as the jar at the right. It dates from about 540 B.C. and shows Hercules bringing the boar to Eurystheus, who is hiding in a storage jar.

At the left is a drawing by Fairholt of a design found on another Greek vase. Despite speculation all we really know is that we have a lover visiting the object of his affections, who doesnt appear to be thrilled. He wears the standard Greek costume and mask of comedy. He is presenting his love with presents of what are probably apples or coins. That it is a night visit is indicated by the torch carried by his servant, who also wears a comic mask. Both males wear wreaths and the servant carries a third wreath and a basket, evidently more gifts for the lady.

The drawing at the right was taken from a vinegar vessel that was used at meals. It is a rather mild example of how freely the Greeks ridiculed their gods, though they had laws protecting mere mortals from such treatment. It pictures the arrival of Apollo at Delphi, using comic masks to insure everyone knows it is parody, and imitates the Greek theater. The figures on the stairs are, left to right, Apollo, Chiron, and an un-named figure. In the clouds are the nymphs of Parnassus.

The Romans fared only slightly better at preserving their comic art, and much of that was due to an unlikely cause, the 7 A.D. eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in Italy that buried and preserved the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. At the left we have two drawing of a same event, The flight of Aeneas, hero of the Aeneid, from Troy. He is leading his son and and carrying his father and household gods. The first drawing is in a traditional style, and there exist several variations and copies of it. The second drawing is a parody version found in a wall painting in Pompeii. It makes use of the dog headed apes borrowed from the Egyptians.

Like the Greeks, much of the Roman comic art was based on their theater and festivals. They increased the use and variety of masks, until they became popular outside the theater, and inspired many of the Gargoyles of the Medieval period. At the right we have a drawing of the stock comic character, the Buffoon or Sannio. They performed comic dances and made grimaces at festivals and feasts as well as in the theater. They are standard in the plays of Terrence. The trademarks included the so called low shoes shown, and two brass rods to strike together. A variation was the Manducus where the primary difference was that the mask featured a tongue lolling out. They are one of the ancestors of the mime, and out of the title Sannio came zanni, or zany. In later periods they became the stooge, or target of the comics jokes and pranks, evolving into pulcinella and finally the English Punch.



At the left is another comic performer often used in comic art, the Roman Mimus. They performed scenes from everyday life, usually of a scandalous and indecent nature. They were extremely popular and often performed even in funeral processions. They often, but not always performed nude, and wore a mask with a large nose. In the performers right hand is a purse or bag with loose objects that will rattle and make noise when shaken. In his left hand is a crotalum, an early form of castanets or cymbals.

Comic art featuring dwarfs were also very popular with the Romans. This grew out of two roots. One was the natural occurance of birth defects, much more common then than now. The second had to do with an old myth that goes as far back as the Egyptians, and probably farther. Both Homer and Pliny mention it. Somewhere in the east lived a race of pygmies that were in constant warfare with cranes. The animosity grew out of the pygmies habit of leaving the mountains each spring, where they normally resided, and mounted on goats and sheep invading the shorelines where the cranes nested. They stole the eggs of the cranes endangering the species. They were pictured as being armed with bow and arrows as well as spears.

The two sources were combined and the Romans became enamored with the dwarfs. They sought and purchased them from abroad and used them more as household pets than as slaves. They are often pictured in parodies of common activities and are usually nude. It has been suggested that this is where the modern use of small figures with large heads originated. Above they are pictured in the normal activities of farmers. The original painting was found in the temple of Venus at Pompeii.

Above is a drawing taken from a Roman drinking cup that shows the pygmies at war with the cranes.

The last figure is by Fairholdt, and is a rare scene showing a Roman artists studio. At the left is a crane, the traditional enemy of the pygmy. Then we have two spectators, the artist seated at an easel, with a small table that serves as a palette. Next is the artists subject. Just behind him to the right is an apprentice who should be drawing the model to his right, but is watching his master instead. At the extreme right is a servant employed in grinding and mixing pigments over hot coals. The pigments are mixed with heated punic wax and oil. Fairholdt says the drawing was taken from a sketch by Mazois who made it in Pompeii at the time the painting was uncovered. There were originally two cranes, but the edge showing the second one crumbled almost at once, and whole painting soon perished.

MEDIEVAL CIVILIZATIONS

In the medieval period comic art in the west wasnt much fun. It was orimarily used as propaganda by individuals, the state and the church. Monsters, demons, and satan himself were common figures. Most of what has survived from this era is in the form carvings in wood or stone. A few illustrations were made on vellum, but vellum was expensive, and often scraped clean and reused. Above is an anti-semitic example from a document drawn on vellum by a clerk of the Kings court in 1. It shows Isaac of Norwich (a rich and powerful Jew) with his supporters and numerous demons. Norwich was a jewish center at the time. Isaac is the three faced figure higher than the rest. Clerks often seemed to amuse themselves by adding little drawings to the documents.

In the castles and churches tapestries provided insulation and prestige. Some were satirical, but few if any have survived. Written descriptions say they usually showed something like the lord of a manor hosting a feast surrounded by riches. There might be hounds shown under the table scavanging for scraps, but they would have the faces of the lords rivals. I havent been able to locate any of these but there is a more dignified and famous work called the Bayeux Tapestry that some claim is an early form of the comic strip. It was created in the 11th century, and is 14 feet long and 0 inches wide. It depicts the events leading up to, and including, the Norman invasion of England by William the Conquerer. The first section is shown above.

Tapestries or carvings could be commissioned by a person ridiculing a rival or enemy, but sooner or later that person would fall from power or die, and be replaced by someone with different views. More often than not the satirical works would then be destroyed and replaced by ones more in line with the new persons views.

Perhaps the same clerk who drew the sketch of Isaac of Norwich drew the sketches of the wild Irish and Welsh males on the margins of other documents. There are a number of sketches like this and the costumes stay the same. The Irish has the upper garment that forms a flat topped hood and extends downward to nearly his waist. His trousers are fastened around his feet, which are always bare. The axe is what the document mentions. It seems that these huge axes were a fearsome weapon and a standard part of every Irishmans costume. It was being suggested that they be outlawed. The Welsh males are shown with bow and arrows or spears. In each case they have one leg and foot that are bare, while on the other side they wear a stocking and a shoe. No explanation is given.

Above to the left we have demons tempting a dieing man by distracting from his prayers by reminding him of his property and that he should worry about providing for his family. Note the use of dialogue balloons in the form of banners. On the right we have the damned being literally thrown into the mouth of Hell. The literal mouth is a frequently repeated image.

The medieval church was nearly as corrupt as the secular rulers. They had an uneasy alliance with the nobility as well as a great deal of rivalry. Even within the church the rivalry between the clergy for advancement and power was often intense. That lead to a good deal of cynicism. At the left two fox ecclesiastics are being given instructions for a mission by a superior, but the geese hidden in their hoods indicate they are thieves, and their sincerity false.



At the right is pictured a fox as a monk who is making off with goods that he has no right to. Both of these drawings are copies made by F.W. Fairholt of carvings existing in a medieval church. The problem was too widespread to deny, and was often remarked on in a joking manner, a bit like later jokes about beat officers helping themselves at fruit stands. The clergy denounced the acts, but it was often a case of the guilty accusing the guilty.

At the left is an example of the nonsense humor that was popular in this era. In this wood carving a goose has taken the place of the horse at the blacksmiths, and ironshoes are being naile to its feet. At the right is a grylli, a creature with only a head and limbs. This type of figure is common as far back as classical Greece, probably further back. However, in earlier times they tended to be rather light and amusing figures. In medieval times they were usually pictured as monsters.

A feudal society wasnt the easiest to live in unless you happened to be one of the nobility. Dreams of reversing the roles was a natural result, but not one you could talk about openly. The popularity of various kinds of turnabout art expressed that safely, as seen in the above work, where the long suffering rabbits have captured the dog and are taking him to the scaffolding to be hung.

Somewhat along the same lines, Ive run across a number of carvings and engravings suggesting that not all the wives of the era were meek and subservient. The drawing at the right was done by Fairholt from a stone carving at a church, and titled, The Breeches Won.



Welcome, knowledge seekers to the slippery halls of the FAL Institute Of Humor and Neurohygenics.

Course 101

Part 1A

Lecture length 1 minutes

A Brief History of Cartooning

The word cartoon comes from cartone, the Italian word for large paper.

The story of the cartoon is the story of mass communication. In ancient times, large murals were decorated with a series of images that told a story... none of which were as drawn out or as pretentious as this folderol youre reading right now.

100 BC In Understanding Comics, Scott McCloud theorized that comics have been with us since ancient times.

This Egyptian painting tells of a farmers daily trials in a series of pictures.

In the last panel, as hes beaten to death by the Pharaohs tax collector, the farmer exclaims, I hate Mondays!.

The influence of the printing press had Renaissance artists and thinkers - including Leonardo DaVinci - concerned that this new technology would isolate men from one another. (Sound familiar? Radio? TV? The internet?!). Many worked toward the creation of a new language to combine pictures and narratives in a deliberate sequence for the purpose of preserving literal truth. (This was before the GAF Viewmaster).

Early artists such as William Hogarth used this expicit art form to depict action as if it were a stage play and employed balloons, integrating text with a picture series.

170s Observe the exaggerated expressions of William Hogarths letcherous men.

This elegant piece is titled Hey, Baby!.

The 1th century gave us zincography and photoengraving, and the popularity of picture stories exploded, appearing in newspapers all over the world. The art of displaying cartoon images and icons in a deliberate sequence gave birth to the medium of comics in print and the medium of animation in film.

(Okay. So Im skipping a bit...)

100s Exlpoded panel from Winsor McCays lush and charming Little Nemo In Slumberland.

McCay was known as the Grandfather Of Animation - not because he made one of the first animations ever, Gertie The Dinosaur - but because he often chased young people away screaming, Hey! You kids get outta my yard!

One of the strengths of this medium has been its ability to consolidate the best advances of all other forms of mass communcation in a cheap and readily consumed form. Some have succeeded in using cartoons to combine the worst of all media in a big confusing, expensive, soul-sucking pile of glop! (But enough about Ralph Bakshi!) Even though they are often underestimated or dismissed as simple diversion, cartoons in general have been a vital pulse, conscience and critic in our lives.

Recently, there has been more serious respect for the form since its become a neccessary shorthand in our information age. (I can dream, cant I?)

160s Gasoline Alley characters as seen by Dick Moores. An excellent example of the illusion of time passing through the space of just one panel.

Fun Fact Saying Cheese will help you pass that thyme and prevent irritating colon blockage!

Right now, the future looks bright as the new language of cartoons only continues to grow - technically, to serve the needs of todays electronic media, and creatively, to serve the needs of a more sophisticated and diverse audience So make me proud! Get out there and ruin it for everybody! Confuse em with a big dark cloud of misguided doodling!

10s Jesse Reklaw journals the world of our dreams with his strip, Slow Wave.

No, wait - does he really? Or did I just dream it?...

Instructor Erik Lobo has lectured on the subject of cartooning through the Learning Exchange and other venues.

This is the online supplement to his Cartoonology Course.



cartoon

Considering the small amount of space a cartoon occupies in print media, the popoularity of these tedious creations, the number of readers are attracted to them is truly phenominal.





Space Junk /

Time Magazine (Asia)



Please note that this sample paper on evolution is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on evolution, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on evolution will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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autobiography

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I entered my room that warm summer day, a cold emptiness fell upon me. I flicked on the lights as my creaking door shut tightly behind me. Even though I was wishing otherwise, my expectations of what lay inside my room that day were fulfilled.

I sat in my lonely chair and looked around. In my mind I filled in the empty spaces with the furnishings that belonged to my sister, formally stood. Throughout my seventeen years living with my sister, I had played, fought, shared, and laughed with the one companion that I relied upon most. As I played back the memories in my head a cool smile fell upon my face, as the tears started to flow.

The countless times we shared on Christmas Eve one trying desperately to keep the other awake so as to possibly sneak a peek of Santa Clause. Or those deep secrets that we trusted sharing only with each other. With one flick of the hand, the traditions and memories drifted away.

I realize now that as I was forced to let go of a piece of my childhood that day, I moved on to face adulthood. I lost more than my sister that day, my innocence and youthfulness also packed their bags and walked out the door. Now I am ready to face that world without the help and guidance of my older sister and pursue my own path to success. Perhaps one day I will see my sister again. However that past is forever buried now, never to be lifted again.






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shakespeare and iago

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Feminism and Patriarchy Clash

The issue of creating a totally egalitarian environment in which neither men nor women are superior to each other has been one of the most challenging debates over a long time period. Many sociologists claim that in today’s world the dominance of male over female is a result of set of events that the humanity has undergone throughout the history. It is said that the concept of ‘power’ that extremely differs between two sexes as a genetic information has been the determining factor that formed such a man dominant world. The tough life conditions of the early years of world required a powerful object to overcome these conditions, so men began to play a more effective role in the history of humanity. It is stated that sometimes female dominance, matriarchy, has occurred in some regions such as in India but when the last 00 years of the history is examined it is obvious that there is a clear patriarchy all over the world. Patriarchy as a word simply means the superiority of males to females and the right of men to rule over females. Thus, feminism, which has so many diverse meanings, can simply be stated as the aim of ending sexism and oppression over a particular sex. So, in today’s world the word ‘feminism’ refers to the struggle of women for gaining equal rights with men. That is to say, today, ‘feminism’ is a concept that aims to overcome patriarchy no matter who, a male, woman or a heterosexual person, give support to this movement.

The concept of equality, which ‘feminism’ emphasizes in its origin, is so crucial that many people are not a feminist in origin although they call us like that. Hooks states that feminism is a movement for everybody. The deep meaning under these words points out that feminism is not only a movement against patriarchy but also a riot against anti-male people. The basic argument is ending sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression. This difference in meaning is so crucial in fact. “I needed feminism to give me a foundation of equality and justice to stand on” (Hooks). As Hooks states the main point is the catching up agenda which is quietly aims to reach a total equality. Today, many women who call themselves ‘feminists’ have a perception about feminism as it is a movement to prove the superiority of female over men, in other words, they perceives feminism as being anti-men. It becomes necessary to examine the characteristics of patriarchy here. Furthermore, it becomes so significant that the role of patriarchy to form such a wrong perceived feminism is so influential. As we think the conditions of men who are a member of patriarchy, there seems nothing that creates a negative situation for men. If a man is quite powerful to imply patriarchy over women, it provides him a freer life conditions as a result of occupying the human rights of women.

Today, many women and man can not realize that the meaning of ‘feminism’ that they think in their mind does not fit the essence of feminist ideology. So, many people call themselves ‘feminist’ although they did not fulfill the requirements of being a feminist person. It is a fact that today many people think that being a feminist becomes possible only if you are a female. There may be lots of men who support woman to save from patriarchy. In fact, as Hooks mentions, at that point it needs to divide the feminist groups into two reformist and revolutionary. Revolutionary thinkers, who are emphasizing to reach the gender equality from the existing situations, seems to having the right point of view about the issue. In a reformist point of view, you can not have so many chances to change the existing order in society. In the reformist thinking of feminism, it needs to be dependent on the views of male. So, in other words, there occurs a situation in which female rights are determined by male supremacy. You are forced again to accept the superiority of men since they are the driving force to make you interested in the social equality. Reformist feminist thinking focusing primarily on equality with men in the workforce overshadowed the original radical foundations of contemporary feminism which called for reform as well as overall restructuring of society so that our nation would be fundamentally anti-sexist. Finally, it is a quite possible thing that men can be supporters of this movement and this does not create a problem but the crucial thing is that the movement should be in a revolutionary character.




In conclusion, the debate is still going on but the important thing is that the feminism movement is changing character from day to day. In today’s world women seem to gain more equal rights with men than they ever have. But the important thing is that the diversity between two sexes seems never to stop. When we think the issue from a man’s point of view, instead of being an active feminist to support the movement, leaving woman alone to form their own character seem so much healthier. Thus, we may have a world that involves a complete equality between two sexes as man intervention did not play a powerful role in that change. Hence, it leads me to the justness of a revolutionary feminist thinking.



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poetry

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Analyzing Poetry

CINDERELLA

Anne Sexton (18 � 174)




You always read about it

the plumber with twelve children

who wins the Irish Sweepstakes

from toilets to riches.

That story.

In this first paragraph the author is beginning to write his poem with the sentence “You always read about it” what give us a precipitated impression of the poem, we know he is going to write about something familiar to everybody.

Or the nursemaid,

some luscious sweet from Denmark

who captures the oldest son’s heart.

From diapers to Dior.

That Story. While I am reading the poem, I realized that the author is giving some examples of how some storie’s situations can be really ironic.

Or a milkman who serves the wealthy,

eggs, cream, butter, yogurt, milk,

the white truck like an ambulance

who goes into real estate

and makes a pile.

From homogenized to martinis at lunch.

With sentences like “From homogenized to martinis at lunch” “From Diapers to Dior” “From toilets to riches” the author is comparing different happy-ending stories that because the irony of the situations, we know they do not usually happen in every day life.

Or the charwoman

who is on the bus when it cracks up

and collects enough from the insurance.

From mops to Bonwit Teller

That Story.

At the end of each example of a story, at the end of each paragraph the author writes “That story” he is trying to make us understand the point he is ready to talk about, he is trying to tell us there are many happy-ending stories like this one and that one and I am going to talk to you about another one. (which we know is a folk story )

Once

the wife of a rich man was on her deathbed

and she said to her daughter Cinderella

Be devout. Be good. Then I will smile

down from heaven in the seam of a cloud.

The man took another wife who had

two daughters, pretty enough

but with hearts like blackjacks.

Cinderella was their maid.

She slept on the sooty hearth each night

and walked around looking like Al Jolson.

Her father brought presents home from town,

jewels and gowns for the other woman

but a twig of a tree for Cinderella.

She planted that twig on her mother’s grave

and it grew to a three where a white dove sat.

Whenever she whished for anything the dove

would drop it like an egg upon the ground.

The bird is important, my dears, so heed him.

Like any of the other stories that the author wrote about, this story is about an unfortunate girl who lost her mother and her father married another woman who had two daughters and the stepmother along with her daughters did not treat her good at all.” Two daughters, pretty enough but with hearts like blackjacks” “Cinderella was their maid…”

The dove on the author’s redaction is a symbol in this story. The dove represents Cinderella’s hope. The dove was her only friend, her only refuge, the only thing that treat her good and the dove was in her mother’s grave on a three that was a gift from her father… so being with the dove was like being with her people, with her dead mother and her father.

Next came the ball, as you all know.

It was a marriage market.

The prince was looking for a wife.

All but Cinderella were preparing

and gussying up for the big event.

Cinderella begged to go too.

Her stepmother threw a dish of lentils

into the cinders and said Pick them

up in an hour and you shall go.

The white dove brought all his friends;

all the warm wings of the fatherland came,

and picked up the lentils in a jiffy.

No, Cinderella, said the stepmother,

you have no clothes and cannot dance.

That’s the way with stepmothers.



I would say that after the author of this poem made the introduction of the story he started to make fun of the ironies that the story of Cinderella has. For example in his phrase “Next came the ball, as you know. It was a marriage market” He makes us think that we share the same thinking of irony about the story, which we do! We all know the story is just a children’s story and therefore contains a lot of situations that make no sense in true life.

Besides that, the author continues redacting the story; about how Cinderella wanted to go to the dance and how her stepmother did everything she could to keep her at home.

Cinderella went to the three at the grave

and cried forth like a gospel singer

Mama! Mama! My turtledove,

send me to the prince’s ball!

The bird dropped down a golden dress

and delicate little gold slippers.

Rather a large package for a simple bird.

So she went, which is no surprise.

Her stepmother and sisters didn’t

recognize her without her cinder face

and the prince took her hand on the spot

and danced with no other the whole day.

Here, when the dove helped Cinderella to go to the ball by appearing a dress and a pair of slippers, once again while redacting the story, the author found irony in the context and also was sarcastic about that aspect “So she went, which is no surprise”

As nightfall came she thought she’d better

get home. The prince walked her home

and she disappeared into the pigeon house

and although the prince took and axe and broke

it open she was gone. Back to her cinders.

These events repeated themselves for three days.

However on the third day the prince

covered the palace steps with cobbler’s wax

and Cinderella’s gold shoe stuck upon it.

The author keeps writing the story, Cinderella and the prince danced all the event but when the time came to go home, the prince knew Cinderella was going to ran away so he covered the palace with wax so at the end, when she ran home, the only thing that the prince had in his possession from her was a slipper. “…on the third day the prince covered the palace with cobbler’s wax and Cinderella’s gold shoe stuck upon it”

Now he would find whom the shoe fit

and find his strange dancing girl for keeps.

He went to their house and the two sisters

were delighted because they had lovely feet.

They eldest went into a room to try the slipper on

but her big toe got in the way so she simply

sliced it off and put on the slipper.

The prince rode away with her until the white dove

told him to look at the blood pouring forth.

That is the way for amputations.

They don’t just heal up like a wish.

The other sister cut off her heel

but the blood told as blood will.

The prince was getting tired.

He had begun to feel like a shoes salesman.

But he gave it one last try.

This time Cinderella fit into the shoe

like a love letter into its envelope.

The prince started to look for the woman who would fit in that shoe. The evil sisters were trying hard to fit in the shoe and kept the prince, “They eldest went into a room to try the slipper on but her big toe got in the way so she simply sliced it off and put on the slipper”

The dove, which was Cinderella protector, told the prince that that slipper did not belong to the eldest sister. Another reason to believe that the dove was a symbol in the story; the dove was Cinderella’s saver, protector and hope.

The sisters kept trying to fit on the slipper, but evilness could never win and some way or another, the price noticed that they were not the ones.

When the prince was about getting tired and was about to surrender, Cinderella fit on the slipper.

At the wedding ceremony

the two sisters came to curry favor

and the white dove pecked their eyes out.

Two hollow spots were left

like soup spoons.

After Cinderella fit in the slipper they got married and her sisters were now being nice with her, but the dove took care of justice and did not let that happen. “...the two sisters came to curry favor and the white dove pecked their eyes out”

Cinderella and the prince

lived, they say, happily ever after,

like two dolls in a museum case

never bothered by diapers or dust

never arguing over the timing of and egg,

never telling the same story twice,

never getting a middle-aged spread,

their darling smiles pasted on for eternity.

Regular Bobbsey Twins.

That Story.

In this final part of the poem, the author compares situations like the ones he told at the beginning of the poem with stories like Cinderella which are product of man’s imagination.

I think that while the author redacts the poem, his point is to make fun of the irony of some stories, the way happy-ending stories are almost impossible to exist, so impossible that he compares them with a children’s tale, an invention of man, a story were a dove can appear things and a prince can marry a maid.



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